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Austrian monk in the mid-1800’s Spent two years studying in the University of Vienna ◦ Was heavily influenced by two professors, one of whom was Christian Doppler These years were important since he learned about the scientific method Began breeding pea plants there Great choice as they had many varieties, and had a short generation time In particular, he focused on inheritance The variances found within the pea plants are called characters ◦ A variant on this character is a trait Mendel could control mating Reproductive organs are in the flowers, and each plant has both parts ◦ Pollen produced in stamens ◦ Eggs produced in carpel Achieved cross-pollination by removing immature stamens from one plant, then transferred sperm-bearing pollen from another Zygote develops into plant embryo encased in a pea He tracked characteristics that had only two variations (such as colour) Also used plants that, over many generations of self pollination, produced the same colour Called these true-breeding Mendel studied seven pea plant characters, each with two contrasting traits He crossed plants with each of the seven contrasting characters and studied their offspring Each original pair of plants is the P (parental) generation The offspring are called the F1, or “first filial,” generation The offspring of crosses between parents with different traits are called hybrids The F1 hybrid plants all had the trait of only one of the parents Mendel’s F1 Crosses on Pea Plants Mendel's first conclusion was that biological inheritance is determined by factors that are passed from one generation to the next Today, scientists call the factors that determine characteristics genes Each of the characters Mendel studied was controlled by one gene that occurred in two contrasting forms that produced different characters for each trait The different forms of a gene are called alleles Mendel’s second conclusion is called the principle of dominance The principle of dominance states that some alleles are dominant and others are recessive An organism with a dominant allele or trait will always exhibit that form An organism with the recessive allele will exhibit that form only when the dominant allele is not present Mendel crossed the F1 generation with itself to produce the F2 (second filial) generation The traits controlled by recessive alleles reappeared in one fourth of the F2 plants Mendel's F2 Generation P Generation Tall Short F2 Generation F1 Generation Tall Tall Tall Tall Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Tall Short Mendel assumed that a dominant allele had masked the corresponding recessive allele in the F1 generation The trait controlled by the recessive allele showed up in some of the F2 plants The reappearance of the trait controlled by the recessive allele indicated that at some point the allele for shortness had been separated, or segregated, from the allele for tallness When each F1 plant flowers and produces gametes, the two alleles segregate from each other so that each gamete carries only a single copy of each gene Therefore, each F1 plant produces two types of gametes—those with the allele for tallness, and those with the allele for shortness Alleles separate during gamete formation