Download M&M Review

Warm-up (11/17 & 11/18)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
What happens in replication?
What happens in transcription?
What happens in translation?
What happens in mitosis?
What % of offspring will be tall if a tall
plant (Tt) is crossed (mated) with a short
plant (tt)?
Objectives
• I understand the difference between
mitosis and meiosis
• I understand how meiosis relates to
heredity
• I can predict the possible genotypes and
phenotypes of offspring from 2 parents
Homework
• Genetics assignment #1 and #2
• Genetics Brochure due December 14
(Tuesday) or December 15 (Wednesday)
Mitosis/Meiosis
MITOSIS
2N
2N
2N
ALL CELLS AND DNA IDENTICAL
Mitosis
• Occurs in Somatic
(body) cells
• Used in growth &
repair of body cells,
Asexual reproduction
Starts with
• Parent cell – (Diploid - 2N) – has both sets
of chromosomes
Ends with
• 2 identical daughter cells (diploid)
Cells will turn into this
• Daughter cells
will turn into fully
functional body
cells (liver cells,
muscle cells,
etc.)
Chromosome Number
• Stay the same (46 chromosomes in
humans)
Genetic material
• Stays the same (identical)
Problems
• Uncontrolled growth or division causes
cancer
Meiosis
2N
Division I
Division II
1N
1N
1N
1N
4 NEW GENETICALLY DIFFERENT CELLS
Meiosis
• Occurs in Gametes
(sex cells)
• Used in Sexual
reproduction
Starts with
• Diploid cell (2N)
Ends with
• 4 Haploid (1N) cells – 1 set of
chromosomes
• Called a Reduction division (2N to 1N)
Cells will turn into this
• Males – 4 sperm
• Females – 1 egg and 3 polar bodies
Chromosome Number
• Divides in half (46 to
23 chromosomes)
• Sperm (23) and egg
(23) combine to form
a zygote (46) during
fertilization
• This ensures
chromosome # is
right
Genetic material
• Genetic Variation
caused by
crossing over –
chromatids
overlap, break
apart, and
reattach to form
new combinations
of DNA
Problems
• Zygotes with wrong chromosome #
usually will not survive
Today
•
•
•
•
•
How is the cell cycle regulated?
What happens when it is not regulated?
How do chromosomes move?
Review mitosis steps
AP Lab 3 part A
Mitosis
Meiosis
Purpose
Growth,Repair
Sexual
Reproduction
Chromosome #
2N to 2N
2N to 1N
# of cells
produced
# of divisions
2
4
1
2
Genetic
Stays the same
Material
Where it occurs Somatic cells
Variation in
gametes
Gametes
•Order
•Interphase
•Checkpoints
Cell Cycle
Chromosomes
Chromosome
Centromere
DNA Replication
Sister
Chromatids
DIPLOID
MICROTUBULES
DIPLOID
Sister Chromatids separate
Mitotic Divisions
Karyotypes
Autosomes
Sex Chromosomes
Meiosis Animation
• http://highered.mcgrawhill.com/sites/0072495855/student_view0/
chapter28/animation__how_meiosis_work
s.html
DIPLOID
REDUCTION
HAPLOID
DIVISION
HAPLOID
Sperm and
Egg
Development
What types of chromosomes
Are in there?
Genetic Variation
Know
• Tetrad
• Synapsis
• Chiasmata
• Crossing Over
GENES
Chromosomes
Chromosome
Centromere
DNA Replication
Sister
Chromatids
CHROMOSOMES
Homologous CHROMOSOMES
LETTERS are ALLELES
SEED SHAPE
SEED COLOR
THREE DIFFERENT POSSIBILITIES FOR A GENE
HOMOZYGOUS
DOMINANT
HOMOZYGOUS
RECESSIVE
HETEROZYGOUS
DOMINANT
• http://highered.mcgrawhill.com/sites/0072495855/student_view0/chapte
r2/animation__comparison_of_meiosis_and_mit
osis__quiz_1_.html
• http://highered.mcgrawhill.com/sites/0072495855/student_view0/chapte
r28/animation__how_meiosis_works.html
• http://highered.mcgrawhill.com/sites/0072495855/student_view0/chapte
r28/animation__stages_of_meiosis.html
MEIOSIS
4 CELLS WITH ‘R’ ALLELE FOR THIS GENE
MEIOSIS
4 CELLS WITH ‘R’ ALLELE FOR THIS GENE
MEIOSIS
4 CELLS WITH ‘R’ ALLELE FOR THIS GENE
Terms you need to know
• Homozygous – have the same alleles (TT or tt)
– also known as purebred
• Heterozygous – have different alleles (Tt)
– Also known as hybrid
• Genotype – the type of alleles that an individual
has for a particular gene (Ex. TT, Tt, or tt)
(written as letters)
• Phenotype – the physical expression of that
gene (Ex. Tall or short) (written as words)
• Dominant – an allele (T) that overshadows the
other
• Recessive – an allele (t) that is hidden when in
the presence of the dominant allele
Rest of Class
• Look over test
• Turn back in to back counter
• Finish Assignment 1 and 2 of genetics
package