Download circulatory system

STAR TEST
INFORMATION
Physiology +
ECOLOGY
• Population Growth
Changes in size of population (N) due to:
1. Births (b)
2. Deaths (d)
3. Immigration (I) = inward movement
4. Emigration (E) = outward movement
∆N = (b – d) + (I – E)
Population Growth Curves
Exponential Growth
Human Population Growth
Human Influences
• Biodiversity
Sum total of the variety of life on Earth.
One of the greatest natural resources we
have.
Organisms provide us with:
1. Food
2. Shelter
3. Clothing
4. Industrial products
5. Medicines
Helps to maintain balance in ecosystems.
Human Influences
• Introduction of Non-native Species
People have accidentally, or on purpose,
introduced plants & animals into parts of
the world where they are not native.
These organisms can sometimes survive
and reproduce rapidly becoming big
problems in their new homes. They are
called invasive species.
Can cause the native species to go extinct
Human Influences
• Climate Change
Human input of CO2 and other gases it
leading to an increased greenhouse
effect, causing the average of the planet
to warm up.
Can lead to following problems:
1. Sea level rising & flooding of cities
2. Droughts & loss of agricultural products
3. Extinction of organisms
GENETICS
• Heterozygote Advantage
Lethal genes can be maintained in the
gene pool (all genes of population) if they
are recessive.
Example: Tay-Sachs Disease (deadly)
Normal mom & dad = Tt X Tt
3/4s of children will have dominant
phenotype; ¼ will have Tay-Sachs & die
PHYSIOLOGY
• Homeostasis
Internal environment of human body
remains relatively stable despite
change in outside environment:
Major body systems:
a) provide cells with oxygen &
nutrients
b) remove toxic wastes such as CO2
DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
• Delivers nutrients (glucose, amino
acids, etc.) to the circulatory system
• Digestion occurs in mouth, stomach,
small intestine.
• Absorption of nutrients occurs in small
intestine.
• Absorption of water occurs in large
intestine
• Wastes (feces) eliminated through
rectum.
Human
Digestive
System
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
• Moves oxygen:
a) from air via nose and mouth
b) to the alveoli of the lungs
c) to the circulatory system
• Moves carbon dioxide:
a) from circulatory system
b) to the alveoli of the lungs
c) out the nose and mouth
Human Respiratory
System
CIRCULATORY SYSTEM
• Glucose and oxygen move:
a) from capillaries into cells of body
where cell respiration happens
• During cellular respiration:
a) glucose is oxidized into CO2 & H2O
b) energy is released as ATP
• CO2 is returned to capillaries and
moves back to lungs to be exhaled
Human
Circulatory
System
EXCRETORY SYSTEM
• Proteins are broken down to amino
acids in the digestive system
a) Amino acids must be deaminated
(remove N to produce ammonia)
b) Ammonia is a toxic product
c) It is converted to water-soluble
urea (liquid waste) in the liver.
d) Urea is excreted from body by the
kidneys
Human Excretory System
Human Kidney and Nephron
ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
• System of glands that release special
chemicals called hormones.
a) Hormones are chemicals that travel
throughout the blood to special
target cells or tissues where they
will have a certain effect.
b) Examples:
Pancreas, pituitary gland, thyroid
gland, ovaries, and testes
Endocrine Glands
• Pancreas
Concentration of sugar in blood is monitored
constantly
a) Sugar can be stored as glycogen in the liver
and muscles as a reserve
b) When needed the glycogen can be broken
down to sugar to increase the blood sugar
level back up to normal
c) The hormone insulin is released in order to
maintain proper blood sugar levels
d) Regulated as a feedback loop
Other Glands & Hormones
• Pituitary Gland (Master gland)
releases:
a) Growth Hormone - controls height
b) Follicle-stimulating hormone &
luteinizing hormone - control gonads,
reproductive organs.
c) Thyroid stimulating hormone controls
the thyroid gland
Feedback Loops
Increase in a substance, or condition, “feeds
back” to inhibit the process that produced the
substance, or response, in the first place.
Thermostat senses
temperature change
and switches off
heating system
Room temperature increases
Room temperature decreases
Thermostat senses
temperature change
and switches on
heating system
Feedback Loops
When blood glucose
levels are low, the
pancreas releases the
hormone glucagon
which causes glycogen
to be broken down into
glucose which raises
blood glucose levels.
When blood glucose
levels are high, insulin is
released which helps
turn glucose into
glycogen which gets
stored in the liver.
NERVOUS SYSTEM
We respond to environment through:
a) Sense organs and other receptors such as
touch, taste, smell, sound, vision
b) The basic units of the nervous system are
neurons, special nerve cells designed to
transmit nerve impulses.
c) Nerve impulses involve and electrochemical
transmission known as an action potential.
Involves concentration gradient of sodium
and potassium ions, movement of both ions,
and a change in charge over membranes.
Human
Nervous
System
NEURONS
The parts of a neuron are:
a) Dendrites – receiving parts
b) Cell bodies – where nucleus is locate
c) Axons – sends information to other areas
Reflex arc is composed of:
a) Sensory neurons – receive sense info
b) Interneurons – send to other places
c) Motor neurons – send response back
Neuron
IMMUNE SYSTEM
Protects us against infection and disease:
a) The skin is a non-specific defense system
Cuts in skin allow microorganisms to enter
b) Antibodies are special proteins that can
respond to antigens (substances which are
foreign to the body).
Antibodies can inactivate pathogens
(disease causing organisms)
c) White blood cells can then destroy the
pathogens
Antibodies
connected
to
antigens
VACCINATIONS
Used to stimulate immunity in people to prevent
the development of particular diseases:
Vaccines contain:
a) weakened or killed pathogens
b) Antigens in mixture prompt body to
generate antibodies
c) Years later, when exposed to antigen, your
body will remember having seen it and can
quickly generate antibodies to fight off the
infection
Bacteria versus Viruses
I. Viruses
a) Contain genetic material but have no
ribosomes; incapable of metabolic life
b) Cannot reproduce outside of a living cell
c) Can be benign (harmless) or harmful.
II. Bacteria
a) Organisms with full cellular structure
b) Can be benign or harmful
c) Antibiotics are effective in treating bacterial
infections but not effective against viruses
Bacterium
Different
types of
viruses
HIV & AIDS Virus
I. HIV
a) Human immunodeficiency virus
b) Cause of AIDS
II. AIDS
a) Acquired immunodeficiency disease
b) Diagnosed when the immune system has
been seriously damaged by HIV
c) Leads to destruction of the immune system
d) People cannot fight off relatively minor
infections