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Life Science SOL Review Mutter Cells and Genetics • Hooke was 1st person to observe cells • Cells – Basic Unit of structure and function of life – Prokaryote: bacteria/no nucleus – Eukaryote: membrane structures; everything but bacteria – Unicellular: only one cell (has structures to carry out functions) – Multicellular: many celled (work together) Cell parts • Cell membrane: outer layer/holds cell together; allows materials to pass into and out of cell • Cytoplasm: Jelly like material where life processes take place/ parts float in it • Mitochondria: cells powerstations/ energy is produced here • Endoplasmic Reticulum: transport system of cell/some protein is made here Cell parts cont. • Cell Wall: Protects and supports the PLANT cell • Chloroplasts: site of photosynthesis/ only in PLANT cell. • Nucleus: “brain”/ controls the activities of the cell • Vacuole: where cells store water, food, and other materials Cell processes • Respiration: • Photosynthesis: Cell Division • Mitosis: genetic material in the nucleus copies itself; nuclear material splits in half so that each daughter cell gets material that is the same as that of a parent; exact copies. • Meiosis: combining cells from 2 different parents; half the genetic material comes from each parent; sexual reporduction. Meiosis Cell Theory • All living things are made of cells; cells are the smallest structure of living things that can perform the processes necessary for life; living cells come only from other living things. • Organization of living things: – – – – – Cell Tissue Organ System organism Genetics • Species: organism reproduces only its own kind; fertile offspring • DNA: genetic material found in cells nucleus; blueprint for the cell (double helix) Genetics cont. • Genes: segments of DNA; control traits; you inherited your genes and the traits from your parents • Chromosomes: genes are located on chromosomes in the nuclei; they contain many thousands of genes; 23 pairs • Female: XX chromosomes • Male: XY chromosomes Genetics cont. • Heredity: passing of traits from parents to offspring • Allele: Each gene in a pair; you inherit 2 alleles for each trait • Dominant allele: masks the effect of the other allele • Recessive allele: the allele that is masked/covered Genetics cont. • Purebred: Tow of the same alleles whether dominant or recessive (TT or tt) • Hybrid: both a dominant and a recessive allele for a trait (Tt) • Genotype: set of alleles an organism has for a trait (Tt) • Phenotype: the appearance the trait takes on • Mutation: random change in genes • Adaptation: characteristics that help organism survive Punnett Square • Used to predict traits; male on top; dominant is shown with a capital letter and recessive with a lower case letter; each square is ¼ or 25% of the predicted Other definitions: • Three ways material is moved in and out of a cell – Osmosis-diffusion of water across a membrane – Diffusion-movement of molecules from higher concentration to lower concentration – Active transport-movement of materials through a cell membrane using energy. Other definitions • Eutrophication: build up of nutrients in freshwater; leads to algae growth • Pheromone: chemical released by one animal that affects behavior of antoher of same species • Tropism: growth response of plant toward or away from stimulus • Phototropism: growth response toward light Biomes-Forests • Tropical Rain forest • Deciduous Forest • Coniferous Biomes • Grasslands – Temperate Grasslands – Tropical Grassland Biomes • Deserts – Hot – Cold Biomes • Tundra Biomes • Water – Freshwater – Marine Kingdoms • • • • • • • Some say 5 some say 6 Animal Plant Fungus Protist Bacteria Eubacteria Seven Levels of Classification • • • • • • • Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species King Philip can only find green snakes" can be used to memorize the hierarchy for the classification of organisms which is kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, and species. Ecosystem vocabulary • • • • • • • • • • Phototropism Hibernation Eutrophication Parasite Host Biotic Abiotic Omnivore Carnivore Herbivore •Nitrogen cycle •Carbon-oxygen cycle •Ecosystem •Biome •Food web •Food chain Animal Kingdom • • • • • • • Chordate Phylum Arthropod Phylum Mollusk Phylum Annelid Phylum Nematode Phylum Cnidarian Phylum Echinoderm Phylum Plant kingdom • Mosses, liverworts, hornworts • Ferns, club mosses, horsetails • Gymnosperms • Angiosperms Extra vocabulary • Bilateral symmetry • Radial symmetry Body Systems • • • • • • • • • • • Circulatory Digestive Endocrine Excretory Immune Muscular Nervous Reproductive Respiratory Skeletal Skin