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Transcript
The Monk who loved peas How to Make a Living Thing Gregor Mendel Monk, failed teacher, pea-lover, genetic genius From growing peas, Mendel noticed that offspring did not always have the same traits as the parents But then the parent’s trait would show up again in a “grandchild,” or 2nd generation So Mendel began to experiment, attempting to grow peas with certain traits, or characteristics The Proof is in the Peas Peas were an excellent choice for his research for two reasons They can self-pollinate, creating offspring with the same traits as the parent Or, they can crosspollinate with other peas The Experiment Mendel looked at one characteristic at a time (color, height, shape) If a pea plant has a white flower, then it selfpollinates, you’ll have offspring with white flowers What happens if a purple-flowered pea plant cross-pollinates a white-flowered pea plant? Mendel’s Discovery Mendel noticed the offspring of a purpleflowered pea plant and a white one was always purple BUT, the “grandchildren” or 2nd generation, would have 1 white-flowered pea plant for every three purple ones Dominant Traits Dominant traits are the ones always showing up in the first generation The purple-flowered pea plant In a Punnett Square, dominant traits are symbolized by a capital letter Recessive Traits “Fade into the back” The white-flowered pea plant These traits reappear in the 2nd generation MUST be paired with another recessive allele R r R RR Rr r Rr rr Incomplete Dominance Sometimes, one trait is NOT dominant over the other Each allele provides some influence Hair texture—curly, straight, and wavy—is an example in humans Genes The instructions for one particular trait are called a gene You have 2 forms of the same gene for every characteristic 1 from Mom, 1 from Dad Hair color, eye color, height, hitchhiker’s thumb, etc. Alleles The form of a trait given by one parent So, for each gene, you have 2 alleles Either dominant (capital letter) or recessive (lower-case) Genotype and Phenotype ·Both inherited traits form a genotype --Aa; rr; etc. ·The appearance of a characteristic is the organism’s phenotype --a purple flower; wrinkled peas; wavy hair Genetic Probability and Pedigrees Probability is the mathematical chance of an outcome Aa x Aa has a 25% chance of getting aa as an outcome; 25% AA; 50% Aa Pedigrees are like family trees for determining the probability of genetic diseases like cystic fibrosis