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Slide 1 A Topical Approach to LIFE-SPAN DEVELOPMENT 2 Biological Beginnings John W. Santrock © 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 2 The Evolutionary Perspective The Evolutionary Perspective • Natural selection and adaptive behavior – Darwin and his observations – All organisms must adapt in life • Evolutionary psychology – Emphasizes adaptation, reproduction, and survival of the fittest in shaping behavior – Evolution explains human physical features and behaviors © 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 3 The Evolutionary Perspective Evolutionary Developmental Psychology • Explaining humans and their behavior – Larger brains and more complex societies – Takes longest of all mammals to mature – Some evolved mechanisms of adaptation not compatible with modern society © 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 4 The Evolutionary Perspective Evolution and Life-Span Development • Benefits of evolutionary selection decrease with age • Natural selection failures: harmful conditions and non-adaptive characteristics • As adults weaken biologically, culture-based needs increase • Alternative: ‘bi-directional view’ © 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 5 The Evolutionary Perspective Evaluating Evolutionary Psychology • Remains just one theoretical approach • Evolution does not dictate behavior • Biology allows broad range of cultural possibilities © 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 6 Genetic Foundations Genetic Foundations of Development • DNA and the collaborative gene – DNA — deoxyribonucleic acid – Chromosomes — thread-like structures – Genes — units of hereditary information • Human Genome Project – 30,000 genes in humans © 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 7 Genetic Foundations Cells, Chromosomes, Genes, and DNA Nucleus (center of cell) contains chromosomes and genes Fig. 2.3 Chromosomes are threadlike structures composed of DNA molecules Gene: a segment of DNA (spiraled double chain) containing the hereditary code © 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 8 Genetic Foundations The Collaborative Gene • Genes and chromosomes – Mitosis — cell nucleus duplicates – Meiosis — cell division forms gametes – Fertilization — egg and sperm form zygote – Genetic variability in the population – X and Y chromosomes determine sex © 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 9 Genetic Foundations The Collaborative Gene • Genes and chromosomes – Identical and fraternal twins – Mutated gene – Genotype — all of one’s genetic makeup – Phenotype — observable characteristics © 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 10 Genetic Foundations Genetic Principles • Dominant and recessive genes • Sex-linked genes – X-linked inheritance for males and females • Genetic imprinting – Imprinted gene dominates • Poly-genetically determined characteristics – Many genes interact to influence a trait © 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 11 Genetic Foundations How brownhaired parents can have a blond-haired child: the gene for blond hair is recessive B Brown hair Blond b hair Father Bb B B Mother Bb B b B b b b © 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 12 Genetic Foundations Sex-Linked Chromosome Abnormalities Klinefelter Syndrome Males have an extra X chromosome Fragile X syndrome Abnormality in the X chromosome Turner syndrome Females missing an X chromosome XYY syndrome Males have an extra Y chromosome © 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Heredity, Environment, and Individual Differences Slide 13 Nature-Nurture Debate • Behavior Genetics – Studies influence of heredity and environment on individual differences • Studies use twins or adoptees – Monozygotic and dizygotic twins – Adoption study: examine behavior and psychological characteristics © 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Heredity, Environment, and Individual Differences Slide 14 Heredity-Environment Correlations • In infancy, environment mostly controlled by parents • As children age, their experiences extend more beyond the family’s influence • Shared environments are analyzed – Commonalities between children attributed to heredity-environment interaction © 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Heredity, Environment, and Individual Differences Slide 15 Heredity-Environment Correlations • In infancy, environment mostly controlled by parents • As children age, their experiences extend more beyond the family’s influence • Shared environments are analyzed – Commonalities between children attributed to heredity-environment interaction © 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Heredity, Environment, and Individual Differences Slide 16 The Heredity-Environment and Epigenetic Views Fig. 2.9 © 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 17 Prenatal Development The Course of Prenatal Development • Germinal period: 2 weeks after conception • Embryonic period: 2 to 8 weeks after conception – Three layers: endodem, mesoderm, ectoderm – Umbilical cord connect to placenta – Organogenesis • Fetal period – From 2 months after conception to birth – Trimesters of pregnancy © 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 18 Figure 4.1 Life is sexually transmitted Myers: Psychology, Eighth Edition © 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Allbyrights reserved. Copyright © 2007 Worth Publishers Slide 19 Figure 4.2 Prenatal development Myers: Psychology, Eighth Edition © 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies,Copyright Inc. All rights reserved. © 2007 by Worth Publishers Slide 20 Prenatal Development Prenatal Diagnostic Tests • Ultrasound sonography • Chorionic villi sampling: small sample of placenta taken • Amniocentesis: samples amniotic fluid • Maternal blood test © 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 21 Prenatal Development The Brain • Neurons – 100 billion • Birth defects and neural tube • Neuronal migration occurs © 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 22 Prenatal Development Hazards to Prenatal Development • Teratogen: agent causing birth defects • Severity of damage affected by – Dose – Genetic susceptibility – Time of exposure • Effects of prescription and nonprescription drugs © 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 23 Prenatal Development Teratogens and Timing of Their Effects on Prenatal Development Fig. 2.10 © 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 24 Prenatal Development Hazards to Prenatal Development • Psychoactive drugs – – – – – – Caffeine Alcohol and fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) Nicotine’s link to SIDS, ADHD, low birth weight Effect of father’s smoking Cocaine, marijuana, and heroin Methamphetamine • Environmental hazards and pollutants © 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 25 Teratogen: is a substance that can cross the placental barrier and harm the child. Alcohol and tobacco are perhaps the most common and damaging. Mercury, landfills, lead paint Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS): combo of retarded growth, face and body malformations, disorders of the nervous system. ADHD symptoms, attention, distractibility, learning difficulties, memory and mood impairment. Nicotine: low birth weight, miscarriage, retardation, still birth, small head syndrome, medical problems. © 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 26 Marijuana: birth defects, low birth weight, ADHD, learning problems, visual and perceptual skills deficit, impulsivityimpacts frontal lobe. Cocaine: spontaneous abortion, delayed growth, premature labor. Low birth weight, birth defects, neurological deficits; acute withdrawal following birth; overall, significant neurological deficits. © 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 27 Physical Development— Hazards to Prenatal Development © 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 28 HIV/AIDS: likely to spread it to fetus. Maternal Illnesses: colds, STDs, general medical problems. Maternal Stress: wide psychological disorders, deformities. Negative emotional/behavioral Over 35: for the mother-diabetes, high BP, severe bleeding. Child- premature birth, birth defects, retarded growth. © 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 29 Prenatal Development Hazards to Prenatal Development • Incompatible blood types of parents – Rh-positive and Rh-negative – Maternal diseases like German measles, syphilis, HIV and AIDS • Other prenatal factors – – – – – Nutrition, prenatal education and care Maternal age and risks Maternal emotional states and stress Paternal factors Environmental factors © 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 30 Birth Prenatal Care • Prenatal programs – Education – Medical care – Social and nutritional services – Low birth weight and infant mortality rates – View of pregancy vary among cultures and ethnic groups © 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 31 Birth The Birth Process • Stages of birth: occurs in three stages – Uterine contractions – Baby’s head moves through birth canal – Afterbirth when placenta, umbilical cord, and other membranes are detached and expelled • Baby must withstand stress of birth © 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Birth Slide 32 The Apgar Scale Fig. 2.11 © 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 33 Birth Bonding • Needs to occur shortly after birth • Early emotional attachments may create healthy interactions after leaving hospital • Rooming-in arrangements offered • Massages and tactile stimulation for premature infants affect development © 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Recommended now: Comfort your baby: • comfort baby when they cry • feed them when they are hungry • play with them when they are awake • “spoil” them as much as you can! (studies show that baby must learn that they have an effect on their environment, and therefore control over their own experience. Important for cognitive and social development • babies need to know that they can make things happen • being responsive to baby Slide 34 © 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 35 2 The End © 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.