Download Lab Review 7-12

Lab Review 7-12
When does the fun begin?
Lab 7 – Genetics!!!
 If we were to cross flies:
 What would the parent generation consist of ?
Homozygous Dominant + Homozygous Recessive
Red eyes + Sepia eyes
 What would the F1 generation look like?
ALL Heterozygotes
ALL Red eyes
In F2, what would the ratio be ?
 Phenotypes ?
3:1
(Red : Sepia)
 Genotypes ?
1 : 2 : 1 (HD : Het : HR)
Chi-Squared Analysis
 Tells us whether the actual results are really different
than the expected results
 If the chi-squared value > critical value, then the results
are considered DIFFERENT than the expected values
 DIFFERENT = LINKED genes
 Typically sex-linked or X-linked
Lab 8 – Hardy-Weinberg
Remember the Teddy Bears??
Conditions for HW Equilibrium
1. A large breeding population
2. Random mating
3. No change in allelic frequency due to mutation
4. No immigration or emigration
5. No natural selection
 p = the frequency of the dominant allele
 q = the frequency of the recessive allele
 For a population in genetic equilibrium:
 p + q = 1.0
 (p + q)2 = 1
 p2 + 2pq + q2 = 1
 The three terms of this binomial expansion indicate the
frequencies of the three genotypes:
 p2 = frequency of AA (homozygous dominant)
 2pq = frequency of Aa (heterozygous)
 q2 = frequency of aa (homozygous recessive)
Complete Lab-Quiz
 http://www.phschool.com/science/biology_place/labbe
nch/lab8/quiz.html
Lab 9 - Transpiration
Remember this Lab?
Remember Transpiration??
 Hydrogen Bonding
 Cohesion
 Adhesion
 Water Potential
 Water: HIGH Potential  LOW Potential
 Highest Water Potential = 0
 http://www.phschool.com/science/biology_place/labbe
nch/lab9/test.html
Stomata
 Stoma – hole that allows CO2 in or O2 out
 Guard cells – open or close stoma (plural = stomata)
 Q: How are stomata related to transpiration?
A: Source of the transpirational pull
Factors affecting Transpiration
 Light (increases / decreases) transpiration ?
INCREASES – stomata open  transpiration
 Humid environment (inc. /dec.) transpiration ?
DECREASES – more water = higher water potential
 Windy (increase / decrease) transpiration ?
INCREASE – less water = lower water potential
 Hot vs warm: which will increase transpiration ?
HOT – increase temp = more evaporation
Lab 10 – Cardiovascularity?
Blood Pressure
 Systolic – BP when heart (ventricles) has contracted
 Diastolic – BP when heart (ventricles) is relaxed
 Sphygmomanometer – measures blood pressure
 http://www.phschool.com/science/biology_place/labbe
nch/lab10/quiz1.html
 http://www.phschool.com/science/biology_place/labbe
nch/lab10/quiz2.html?radio1=d&radio2=b&radio3=b&ra
dio4=b&x=53&y=3
Lab 11 – Animal Behavior
Isopods
Fruit fly mating behavior
Pillbug Behavior
Moar Quiz!!
 http://www.phschool.com/science/biology_place/labbe
nch/lab11/quiz.html
Lab 12 – Dissolved Oxygen
 A dude left his fish tank on
top of his radiator
 He saw plenty of bubbles,
so he thought the situation
was good for his fish
 Why did his fish perish?
Factors that affect dissolved oxygen in water
 Temperature: As water becomes warmer, its ability to hold
oxygen decreases.
 Photosynthetic activity: In bright light, aquatic plants are
able to produce more oxygen.
 Decomposition activity: As organic material decays, microbial
processes consume oxygen.
 Mixing and turbulence: Wave action, waterfalls, and rapids all
aerate water and increase the oxygen concentration.
 Salinity: As water becomes more salty, its ability to hold
oxygen decreases.
Productivity
 Rate of photosynthetic activity
 Rate of production of organic compounds in an
ecosystem
 Gross Productivity – Photosynthetic production of
organic compounds in an ecosystem
 Net Productivity – organic material that remain after
some has been used for cellular respiration
Productivity Equation
 NET Productivity = GROSS Productivity – Respiration
 What is the Photosynthesis Equation ?
CO2 + H2O + Energy  Sugar + O2
How do we measure productivity?
 Oxygen Gas concentration
 When light, O2 is PRODUCED by PHOTOSYNTHESIS
 O2 is CONSUMED BY RESPIRATION
 When dark, O2 is CONSUMED by RESPIRATION ONLY
Calculating Productivity
 Light D.O. – Dissolved
O2 after 24 hours with
exposure to light
 Photosynthesis +
Respiration
 Dark D.O. – after 24
hours with no light
 Respiration ONLY
 Initial D.O. – before the
experiment begins
 Baseline value of D.O.
Photosynthesis
Final Quiz
 http://www.phschool.com/science/biology_place/labbe
nch/lab12/quiz.html