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Anatomy & Physiology
SIXTH EDITION
Chapter 2, part 2
The Chemical Level of
Organization
PowerPoint® Lecture Slide Presentation prepared by
Dr. Kathleen A. Ireland, Biology Instructor, Seabury Hall, Maui, Hawaii
Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Frederic H. Martini
Fundamentals of
SECTION 2-4
Organic Compounds
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Organic compounds
• Organic compounds generally include
• Carbon
• Hydrogen
• and sometimes Oxygen
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Organic compounds
• Four major classes of organic compounds are
• Carbohydrates
• Lipids
• Proteins
• Nucleic acids
• High energy compounds are also organic
compounds
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Carbohydrates
• Important energy source for metabolism
• Monosaccharides, disaccharides and
polysaccharides
• Di- and polysaccharides formed from
monosaccharides by dehydration synthesis
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Figure 2.10c
Figure 2.11 The Formation and Breakdown of
Complex Sugars
PLAY
Animation: The formation and breakdown of complex sugars
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Figure 2.11
Figure 2.12 The Structure of a Polysaccharide
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Figure 2.12
Lipids include fats, oils, and waxes
• Five classes:
• Fatty acids
• Eicosanoids
• Glycerides
• Steroids
• Phospholipids
• Glycolipids
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Figure 2.13 Fatty acids
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Figure 2.13
Figure 2.15 Triglyceride Formation
• Triglycerides =
three fatty acids
attached by
dehydration
synthesis to one
molecule of
glycerol
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Figure 2.15
Steroids
• Are involved in cell membrane structure
• Include sex hormones and hormones regulating
metabolism
• Are important in lipid digestion
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Figure 2.16 Steroids
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Figure 2.16
Proteins perform many vital functions in the
body. The six important types are:
• Structural proteins
• Contractile proteins
• Transport proteins
• Enzymes
• Buffering proteins
• Antibodies
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Proteins are chains of amino acids
• Amino acids contain an amino group, a
carboxylic group and a radical group
• Polypeptides are linear sequences of amino acids
held together by peptide bonds
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Figure 2.18 Amino Acids
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Figure 2.18
Figure 2.19 Peptide Bonds
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Figure 2.19
The four levels of protein structure are:
• Primary structure (amino acids sequence)
• Secondary structure (amino acid interactions)
• Tertiary structure (complex folding)
• Quaternary structure (protein complexes)
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Figure 2.20 Protein Structure
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Figure 2.20
Enzyme reactions
• Reactants (substrate) interact to yield a product
by binding to the active site of the enzyme
• Cofactors must bond to the enzyme before
substrate binding can occur
• Coenzymes are organic cofactors commonly
derived from vitamins
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Figure 2.21 A simplified view of enzyme
structure and function
PLAY
Animation: Enzyme structure and function
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Figure 2.21
The shape of a protein determines its function
• Proteins pushed outside their optimal
temperature and pH range become temporarily
or permanently denatured and will cease to
function
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Nucleic acids
• Store and process information at the molecular
level
• Made of purines and pyrimidines
• DNA and RNA
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Figure 2.22 Purines and Pyrimidines
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Figure 2.22
Figure 2.23 Nucleic Acids: RNA and DNA
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Figure 2.23
Nucleic acids are chains of nucleotides
• Nucleotides are composed of a sugar, a phosphate
and a nitrogenous base
• Sugar = deoxyribose (DNA) or ribose (RNA)
• DNA Bases = adenine, thymine, cytosine,
guanine
• RNA bases = adenine, uracil, cytosine, guanine
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High energy compounds store cellular energy in
high energy bonds
• Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)
• Made by adding a phosphate group to
adenosine diphosphate (ADP)
• Process referred to as phosphorylation
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SECTION 2-5
Chemicals and Cells
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Biochemical compounds form functional units
called cells
• Metabolic turnover allows cells to change and to
adapt to changes in their environment
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You should now be familiar with:
• Atoms and how they combine to form
compounds.
• Chemical reactions and enzymes.
• Organic and inorganic compounds.
• Water, pH, and buffers.
• The structure and function of carbohydrates,
lipids, proteins, nucleic acids and high energy
compounds.
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