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http://www.tafevc.com.au What are Vitamins? Molecules that the body cannot make itself required in very small amounts They are water soluble or fat soluble Need to enable chemical reactions in the body What do Vitamins Do? Vitamins are need to assist enzymes to act Enzymes are needed for chemical reactions in the body Everything the body does uses chemical reactions including: muscle contraction nervous messages digestion metabolism Enzymes To understand vitamins we must know about enzymes Every chemical reaction in the body needs an enzyme Enzymes select which chemical react and how Enzymes can be controlled so we can determine when they act Most enzymes need co-factors to activate them Enzyme Co-factors Most Enzymes need co-factors to make them work Mineral co-factors e.g. Mg , Se, Zn, Al, Na Organic Co-factors Vitamins Non-vitamins Organic Co-factors Need in the diet Vitamins Some essential amino acids Not normally need in the diet – Made in the body (Non-vitamins) eg. Ubiquinone, carnitine, lipoic acid, Choline, inositol May become essential in diet with age or disease Dietary supply may assist “optimal health” Metabolism Two types of metabolism Catabolism Transferring energy from big molecules into more useable forms eg From sugar to ATP and NADPH Anabolism Building new molecules Protein ,lipids and carbohydrates complex molecules Vitamins for Catabolism Extracting energy out of Food Vitamins Required: Thiamine [Vitamin B1 ] Riboflavin [Vitamin B2] Niacin (nicotinic acid) [Vitamin B3] Pantothenic acid for Coenzyme A Pyridoxine [Vitamin B6 ] Deficiencies of “catabolic enzymes” Symptoms are mostly related to lack of available energy Retarded growth muscle weakness brain damage dermatitis anaemia poor digestion Specific Deficiency diseases Thiamine --> Berri-berri Riboflavin --> Corneal ulceration Cataracts angular stomatitis (dermatitis in mouth angle) Niacin --> Pellagra 4Ds =Diarrhoea, Dermatitis, Dementia and Death Pantothenic Acid low blood cholesterol burning hands Anabolic vitamins Used in synthesising larger molecules Pyridoxine Interconversion of amino acids Niacin as NADPH need for most synthesis reactions involved in both anabolic and catabolic pathways Folic acid Vitamin B12 Ascorbic acid Biotin [Vitamin H] Deficiencies of “anabolic vitamins” May be similar to Catabolic inadequacy as energy is needed for all anabolism Symptoms are mostly related to tissues that should be tuned over quickly. Some parts of the body are slowly renewed – less effected Adult brain Some tissues are replaced very quickly Tissue that are turned over quickly Red Blood Cells Skin cells Lining of GIT => Anaemia => Dermatitis => diarrhoea and malnutrition hair => hair loss bone =>osteomalacia Immune system => infections and cancer Specific Deficiency diseases of Anabolic vitamins Folic Acid Hospital anaemia – Cooked food kept warm too long Vitamin B12 – Pernicious anaemia lack of ability to absorb vitamin in food –intrinsic factor made in stomach – loss of weight Vitamin C – Scurvy Causes of Deficiency Diseases Dietary inadequacy Individuals higher requirement Ingestion of anti-nutritive substances Dietary Sauces NO single food has all the vitamins But some food have NO vitamins Referred to as “empty kilojoules” e.g.: white sugar, processed vegetable oil, lollies, alcohol Complimentary foods The lack in some foods is made up in others Hence “Eat a wide variety of Foods” “Five Food Groups” Five Food Groups The lack in each group is made up in others Group 1 Bread and Cereals Group 2 Milk and Cheese Vitamins B12, Ca Group 3 Veg and Fruit Vitamin B3, Folate Vitamins B1 B2 B3 Group 4 Meats , Fish & Poultry Vitamin B (Group)& Folate , Fe, Zn. Group 5 Fats and Oils Fat soluble vitamins 5 1 2 3 4