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What are Vitamins?
Molecules that the body cannot make
itself
 required in very small amounts
 They are water soluble or fat soluble
 Need to enable chemical reactions in
the body

What do Vitamins Do?
Vitamins are need to assist
enzymes to act
 Enzymes are needed for chemical
reactions in the body
 Everything the body does uses
chemical reactions including:



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muscle contraction
nervous messages
digestion
metabolism
Enzymes
 To
understand vitamins we must
know about enzymes




Every chemical reaction in the body needs an
enzyme
Enzymes select which chemical react and how
Enzymes can be controlled so we can
determine when they act
Most enzymes need co-factors to activate them
Enzyme Co-factors
 Most
Enzymes need co-factors
to make them work
 Mineral co-factors

e.g. Mg , Se, Zn, Al, Na
 Organic
Co-factors
 Vitamins
 Non-vitamins
Organic Co-factors
Need in the diet
 Vitamins
 Some essential amino acids


Not normally need in the diet
– Made in the body (Non-vitamins)
eg. Ubiquinone, carnitine, lipoic acid,
Choline, inositol
 May become essential in diet with age or
disease
 Dietary supply may assist “optimal
health”

Metabolism
 Two
types of metabolism
 Catabolism

Transferring energy from big molecules into more
useable forms
eg
From sugar to ATP and NADPH
 Anabolism
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Building new molecules
Protein ,lipids and carbohydrates
complex molecules
Vitamins for Catabolism
Extracting energy out of Food
 Vitamins Required:
 Thiamine
[Vitamin B1 ]
 Riboflavin
[Vitamin B2]
 Niacin (nicotinic acid) [Vitamin B3]
 Pantothenic acid for Coenzyme A
 Pyridoxine [Vitamin B6 ]

Deficiencies of
“catabolic enzymes”
 Symptoms
are mostly related
to lack of available energy

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Retarded growth
muscle weakness
brain damage
dermatitis
anaemia
poor digestion
Specific Deficiency diseases
 Thiamine
--> Berri-berri
 Riboflavin -->


Corneal ulceration Cataracts
angular stomatitis (dermatitis in mouth angle)
 Niacin

--> Pellagra 4Ds
=Diarrhoea, Dermatitis, Dementia and Death
 Pantothenic


Acid
low blood cholesterol
burning hands
Anabolic vitamins
Used in synthesising larger molecules
 Pyridoxine

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Interconversion of amino acids

Niacin

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as NADPH need for most synthesis reactions
involved in both anabolic and catabolic pathways
Folic acid
 Vitamin B12
 Ascorbic acid


Biotin [Vitamin H]
Deficiencies of “anabolic
vitamins”

May be similar to Catabolic inadequacy

as energy is needed for all anabolism

Symptoms are mostly related to tissues
that should be tuned over quickly.

Some parts of the body are slowly renewed
– less effected Adult brain
Some tissues are replaced very quickly

Tissue that are turned
over quickly
Red Blood Cells
 Skin cells
 Lining of GIT
=> Anaemia
=> Dermatitis
=> diarrhoea and
malnutrition
 hair
=> hair loss
 bone
=>osteomalacia
 Immune system
=> infections
and cancer

Specific Deficiency diseases of
Anabolic vitamins
Folic Acid
 Hospital anaemia

– Cooked food kept warm too long

Vitamin B12
– Pernicious anaemia

lack of ability to absorb vitamin in food
–intrinsic factor made in stomach
– loss of weight

Vitamin C
– Scurvy
Causes of Deficiency
Diseases
 Dietary
inadequacy
 Individuals higher requirement
 Ingestion of anti-nutritive
substances
Dietary Sauces
NO single food has all the vitamins
 But some food have NO vitamins
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Referred to as “empty kilojoules” e.g.:
white sugar, processed vegetable oil,
lollies, alcohol
 Complimentary

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
foods
The lack in some foods is made up in
others
Hence “Eat a wide variety of Foods”
“Five Food Groups”
Five Food Groups

The lack in each group is made up in others

Group 1 Bread and Cereals

Group 2 Milk and Cheese
Vitamins B12, Ca

Group 3 Veg and Fruit
Vitamin B3, Folate

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Vitamins B1 B2 B3
Group 4 Meats , Fish & Poultry Vitamin B (Group)&
Folate , Fe, Zn.
Group 5 Fats and Oils
Fat soluble vitamins
5
1
2
3
4