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Carbon Chemistry
Chapter 8
Chemistry Review Rap
O http://www.youtube.com/watch?feature=en
dscreen&NR=1&v=B0d-fzj9oMQ
Properties of Carbon (8-1)
Real life example:
O Dentist’s drill
O Hard, sharp
O CARBON
O Diamond chips on
the tips
Carbon Atom and Bonding
Quick Review:
O Atomic number of Carbon is 6
O Nucleus has 6 neutrons and 6
protons
O 6 electrons surround the nucleus
in an electron cloud
O Of the 6 electrons, 4 are valence
electrons
O Valence electrons are electrons
available for bonding
O Carbon shares its valence
electrons and can form four
bonds
Carbon Atoms and Bonding
O Carbon atoms and the bonds between them
can be modeled in several ways.
Carbon Atoms and Bonding
O Because of its unique ability to
combine in many ways with itself
and other elements, carbon has a
central role in the chemistry of
living organisms.
O With four valence electrons, each
carbon atom is able to form four
bonds.
O Carbon atoms can form straight
chains, branched chains, and
rings.
Forms of Pure Carbon
O Diamond: formed when carbon is under high temperature and pressure
each atom bonded strongly to four other atoms
O the crystalline form of carbon
O Graphite: carbon atoms bonded in layers to three other carbon atoms
O bonds are weak because layers slide past one another easily
O Fullerenes and Nanotube
O
Fullerenes: 1985, scientists made carbon atoms arranged in a hollow sphere
O Nanotube: 1991, scientists made carbons atoms arranged in a long, hollow
cylinder; tiny, light, flexible, conducts electricity and is extremely strong
O
Carbon Compounds (8-2)
Things made of carbon compounds:
O Gases, Liquids and Solids
O Frequently a liquid at room
temperature
O Specific Examples: Cotton
shirt, shampoo, writing paper,
propane fuel, olive oil, cereal,
meat and vegetables
90% of all known compounds
contain carbon
Organic Compounds
O Made up of carbon
O Have similar properties
such as melting point,
boiling point, odor,
electrical conductivity,
solubility
O We are organic! All
living things are, as well
as some nonliving
things.
Hydrocarbons
O The simplest organic compounds
O Contains the elements hydrogen and
carbon only
O Methane gas, Propane gas, Butane
gas
O Gasoline is a mixture of several
hydrocarbons
O Properties
O Like most organic compounds, they
do not mix well with water
O Flammable
O GREAT energy source
Boiling Points of Hydrocarbons
• The graph shows the boiling
points of several
hydrocarbons. (Note: Some
points on the y-axis are
negative.)
• Use the graph to answer the
following questions.
Boiling Points of Hydrocarbons
O Reading Graphs:
O Where is 0ºC on the graph?
O Almost in the center of the y-
axis
Boiling Points of Hydrocarbons
O Interpreting Data:
O What is the approximate
boiling point of C3H8? C5H12?
C6H14?
O C3H8: about –44ºC;
C5H12: about 34ºC;
C6H14: about 68ºC
Boiling Points of Hydrocarbons
O Calculating:
O What is the temperature
difference between the
boiling points of C3H8 and
C5H12?
O About 78ºC
Structure and Bonding in
Hydrocarbons
O The carbon chains in a hydrocarbon may be straight,
branched, or ring-shaped.
O A structural formula shows the kind, number, and
arrangement of atoms in a molecule.
Isomers
O Compounds that have the same chemical formula but
different structural formulas are called isomers.
O Each isomer is a different substance with its own
characteristic properties.
Double and Triple Bonds
in Hydrocarbons
O In addition to forming a single bond, two carbon
atoms can form a double bond or a triple bond.
Saturated versus Unsaturated
Hydrocarbons
O Saturated Hydrocarbons contain only single bonds, so
they have the maximum amount of hydrogen atoms on
their carbon chains
O Unsaturated Hydrocarbons contain double or triple
bonds, so they have fewer hydrogen atoms on their
carbon chains
O Look:
Will these form single,
double, or triple bonds?
Write down the following molecules,
then we will draw them together.
C 2H 6
C3H8
C 2H 4
C 2H 2
C 3H 4
C4H10
Substituted Hydrocarbons
O Carbon can form stable bonds with several other elements
including oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur and several halogens.
O If ONE atom of another element is substituted for a hydrogen
atom in a hydrocarbon, the hydrocarbon is called a
substituted hydrocarbon.
O Example: Compounds containing halogens (period 17),
Freon: once used as a cooling agent in
refrigerators and car air conditioners
Containing Alcohols-Methanol, used in solutions for de-icing
airplanes
Organic Acids-Formic acid, in stinging nettle and
produced by ants
Esters
O An ester is a compound made by chemically
combining an alcohol and an organic acid.
O Many esters have pleasant, fruity smells.
O These compounds are in wintergreen candy, fruits,
and medications like aspirin and anesthetics.
Let’s Review
O 1. What are four forms in which pure carbon can exist?
O 2. How are carbon atoms arranged in diamond?
O 3. How many other carbon atoms are bonded to each carbon
atom?
O 4. What are some uses of diamond?
O 5. In what state are most organic compounds found at room
temperature?
O 6. Are organic compounds soluble in water?
O 7. Are organic compounds found only in living things?
O 8. What makes fruits and vegetables labeled as “organic”
different from other produce?
O 9. What would scientist identify as organic fruits and
vegetables?
Let’s wrap it up!
O 10. What elements do hydrocarbons contain?
O 11. What are two properties of hydrocarbons?
O 12. Why are hydrocarbons often used as fuels?
O 13. How do substitutions in hydrocarbons change the characteristics of
the hydrocarbon?
O 14. How is an ester made?
O 15. In what substances are esters found?
Polymers and Composites
Many foods are partly or wholly
polymers (a large, complex molecule
built from smaller molecules joined
together in a repeating pattern).
Natural Polymers:
Starches in pancakes
Proteins in meats and eggs
Synthetic Polymers
Plastic
Polyester
Nylon
Recall that most polymers rely on
carbon for their fundamental
structure.
Reviewing How Polymers
are Formed
O Carbon’s Chains and Rings
O Carbon atoms can form four covalent bonds
O Carbon atoms can bond to each other in straight
and branched chains and ring-shaped groups
O Carbons Compounds and Polymers
O Polymers form when chemical bonds link large
numbers of monomers in a repeating pattern.
Forming Polymers
O Polymers form when chemical bonds link large
numbers of monomers in a repeating pattern.
Monomers are the building
blocks of polymers.
Mono = One
Poly = Many
Natural Polymers
O Cellulose, the proteins in snake venom and the spider’s silk (web)
are all natural polymers.
O Carbohydrates:
O Cellulose: fruits and vegetables; sugar molecules in long strands, non-
digestible by humans
O Starches: pasta, breads and some vegetables; sugar molecules formed
in a different way in long strands, digestible by humans
O Proteins: fingernails and muscles; amino acids form long strands
O Other: silk and wool
Synthetic Polymers
• Man-made
• Plastics
• Many types of
•
•
•
•
•
clothing (like
polyester and
rayon)
Carpet
Gum
Toothpaste
Styrofoam
Nylon
Polymers video clip
O http://youtu.be/8YUiRKWPKl8
Composites
Composites:
O combination of two or more substances in a new
material with different properties
O many composites contain one or more polymers
O not compounds because the individual
components are still presents and retain their
original properties.
O Uses for Composites
O Fiberglass, fishing rods and tennis rackets
O Bicycles, automobiles and airplanes (lighter than
steel)
O
Video Notes- Composites
O 20 facts
O http://youtu.be/tZhH2B-EI1I
Why Recycle Plastics?
O Since synthetic polymers are
inexpensive to produce, they’ve
replaced many natural materials.
O This causes problems with waste
and increases the volume of
trash.
O Plastics don’t break down
easily
O Recycling helps offset this
problem
Life with Carbon (8-4)
Organic Compounds
O Compounds that contain the element
carbon (C)
O Organic compounds are found in all
living things
O Carbohydrates, Proteins, Lipids, and
Nucleic acids are important groups of
organic compounds in living things
that help cells function
Carbohydrates - first class of
organic compounds
O Provides immediate energy for cell
O Make up some cell parts
O Made up of elements carbon, hydrogen,
and oxygen
O Polymer = Carbs
Monomer = Sugars
O Examples: starches, like potatoes, pasta,
bread, also found in cell membranes and
cell walls
Simple Carbohydrates
O Simple Sugars are called monosaccharides.
O Examples of monosaccharides
O Glucose – blood sugar
O Other simple sugars:
O Galactose
O Fructose
O Major nutrients for cells
O These make up the building blocks
(monomer) for complex sugars.
Complex Carbohydrates
O Complex Sugars are called polysaccharides.
These are 100s or 1000s of small sugars hooked together to
create a polymer.
Huge sugars!
O Complex carbohydrates assembled from glucose:
O Starches
O Glycogen= animal
starch—store extra sugar energy
in animals to allow body to carry out its life functions
O Plant starch—store extra sugar in plants
O Cellulose—the structural material in plants; sometimes
called fiber
Carbohydrates Up Close
Example 1:
Glucose - Monosaccharides
Enrichment on Carbohydrates
O Disaccharides are made up of 2 sugars attached
O Di = two, saccharide = sugar
O Examples: Lactose, sucrose
O How can you recognize a sugar by looking at its
name?
O Galactose, sucrose, lactose, fructose, cellulose
Carbohydrates Up Close
Example 2:
Starch – Polysaccharide
Monomer or smaller
unit of starch =
glucose
Now…
Let’s Get Pumped Up about
Proteins!!!
Proteins – second class of
organic compounds
O The goal of the cell is to MAKE
O
O
O
O
PROTEINS (aka Polypeptides)
Made up of the elements carbon,
hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and sulfur
Found in cell membrane, help make up
many organelles, hair, finger nails,
spider webs, feathers, etc.
Examples: meat, eggs, beans, enzymes
The body uses proteins from food to
build and repair body parts and to
regulate cell activities
Structure of Proteins
O Proteins are made up of long
chains of amino acids
O 20 different amino acids can
form thousands of different
proteins (just like 26 letters of
the alphabet can form
thousands of words)
O Similar to letters and words,
the order of amino acids will
determine which protein it is
Polymer = Proteins
Monomer = Amino Acids
Enzymes
O Proteins that speed up chemical reactions in organisms
O Without enzymes, many chemical reactions needed for
life would not occur or would occur to slowly
O
Example: enzymes (proteins) in your saliva speed up digestion of food by
breaking it down into simpler sugars in your mouth
O They perform an action but do not become a part of the action
(like fire cooking food)
Lipids – the third class of
organic compounds
O Contain even more energy than carbs (release twice as
O
O
O
O
much energy)
Cells store energy in lipids for later use
Made of the elements carbon, hydrogen, oxygen
Examples: fats, waxes, oils
Makes up most of cell membrane
Fats and Oils:
O
O
More on Lipids
Same basic structure (three fatty acids and one glycerol)
Difference: fats are usually solid at room temperature
Common categories of lipids:
1.
2.
3.
Unsaturated fatty acids are found in oils.
a)
Monounsaturated oils have fatty acids with one double bond.
b)
Only unsaturated oils have fatty acids with many double bonds
Saturated fats tend to have high melting points.
a)
Saturated Fats: no double bonds between carbon atoms (saturated vs. unsaturated)
b)
Can contribute to heart disease by affecting the level of cholesterol in blood
Cholesterol is a waxy substance found in all animal cells and is needed to build cell
structures (phospholipids) and to form compounds that serve as chemical
messengers(steroids).
a)
Not a source of energy, unlike other lipids
b)
Plants do not produce it
c)
Can contribute to heart disease
Formation of Lipids
O Lipids are made of a central building block called
Glycerol (this is the same for all lipids) + 3 side chains
attached called --Fatty Acid chains (the structure of the
acid chains are different for each lipid).
Glycerol
Side = Fatty
acid chain
Glycerol
Lipids
3 Fatty acid chains;
different for each lipid
A Final Look at Lipids
1. FATS vary in their # of double bonds
O Saturated Fats: NO C-C double bonds
O Fatty acids contain the maximum possible number of hydrogen atoms (Saturated, or
loaded, with H)
O Ex: bacon grease, butter—solid at room temperature (BAD FAT)
O Unsaturated fats:
O Contains at least one Carbon-Carbon double bond (not loaded with H) (GOOD FAT- in
small amounts)
O Ex: corn oil, cod liver oil—liquid at RT
2. Phospholipids
O
Phospholipid: similar to fat
O
Useful as the outer membrane of cells
O
Boundary between the interior of the cell and its exterior environment
Called a phospholipid bilayer
3. Steroids
Function: Chemical messengers and make up part of the cell membrane!!!!!
O Example: Cholesterol, hormones
O Most other steroids are synthesized from cholesterol
O Too much cholesterol is badatherosclerosis
O
Class Participation
Opportunities
Research Report on the Molecules of Life
Nucleic Acids – the fourth
class of organic compounds
O Very large organic molecules (polymers)
O
O
O
O
assembled from small molecules
(monomers, the building blocks) called
nucleotides
Nucleotides are connected in a pattern
Made of carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen
and phosphorus
Usually found in nucleus of cell
Contain instructions for cells to carry out all
functions of life
Reviewing DNA and RNA
Genes consist of DNA: Deoxyribonucleic acid (containing billions of nucleotides)
O When living things reproduce, they pass DNA
(the genetic info. passed from parent to offspring)
O RNA: ribonucleic acid, only built of four kids of nucleotides
different from those in DNA
O
NUCLEOTIDE =
O
Nucleotides (3 parts):
Monomer of DNA
O 5-carbon sugar (deoxyribose or ribose)
O Phosphate group
O 1 Nitrogenous base (1 of four: adenine, guanine, cytosine, or thymine)
O
Differences in living things depend on the order of nucleotides in their DNA. The
order of the DNA nucleotides determines a related order in RNA.
Other Nutrients
Organisms require water, vitamins, minerals, and salts to support the functioning of
large molecules.
O Water:
O 90% of the liquid part of your blood
O Nutrients dissolve in it and are carried throughout the body
O Vitamins:
O Helper molecules
O Vitamin C (ascorbic acid) for health of skin and gums; Vitamin D for bones
O Minerals: elements in the form of ions (not organic)
O Calcium, iron, sodium, potassium
O Salts: ionic compounds
O Sodium chloride
O Helps in the contraction of muscles and transmission of messages through
nerves
O Other salts
O Healthy growth of bones and balancing blood’s pH
Show What You Know!
1.
What are the smaller molecules from which polymers are
built?
2.
How do polymers form?
3.
On what do the chemical properties of a polymer depend?
4.
What is a composite?
5.
How do polymers relate to composites?
6.
What is fiberglass made of and why is this composite useful?
7. Why have so many synthetic polymers been produced?
8. What makes synthetic polymers beneficial?
9. What are some problems with synthetic polymers?
10. How can the problems with synthetic polymers be solved?
11. What do all carbohydrates have in common?
12. What is an example of a simple carbohydrate?
13. What monomers make up proteins?
14. How are different proteins made?
15. Compare and contrast proteins to complex carbohydrates.
16. What food sources are good sources of protein?
17. How are lipids similar to carbohydrates?
18. How are lipids different?
19. How are unsaturated fatty acids different from saturated fatty
acids?
20. What smaller molecules make up each large
molecules?
21. How do combinations of smaller molecules result in
different large molecules?
22. Which of the large organic molecules do you think
can form the most patterns?
23. What is the role of vitamins in the body?
24. What are minerals?
25. What are two classes of compounds that are not
organic but are needed by the body?