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Vitamins
•essential organic compounds
•must be supplied by diet
•required in small amounts
•involved in fundamental functions
•growth
•health maintenance
•metabolism
•vision
•blood clotting
•vitamin deficiencies cause disease
•provide no direct energy
Fat Soluble
Retinoids: Retinol (Vision, Immunity, WBC’s)
Retinal
Retinoic Acid (Gene Expression)
Carotenoids: Can be converted into
retinol
Vitamin A Intake
Dry Eye (Cornea Hardening)
Can lead to blindness
Keratin (protein) builds up clouds cornea
(bumps on the skin)
Bone/Teeth Growth
Cell Differentiation
Fat Soluble
Increases Ca++/Phosphorous in blood
**Body can synthesize all the Vitamin D it needs from sunlight
At Risk:
African American
Hispanic/Latino
Osteomalacia: softening of the bones
Vitamin D
Deficiency
Rickets
Fat Soluble
(Antioxidant)
Rare but can occur in infants
Also protects LDL’s from being oxidized
Increase Vitamin E leads to decrease MI
Free Radicals and Antioxidants
*Free Radical: Atoms or molecules with 1 or more
upaired electrons – make it unstable and reactive
Increase risk for: Cardiovascular disease, cancer,
Cataracts, Dementia, Diabetes, and on and on.
Fat Soluble
(Kongulation – Danish: Clotting)
Widespread in Foods
Osteoblast synthesis
Greener the Better!
Water Soluble
(Ascorbic Acid)
(Antioxidant)
Synthesis of NE
Formation of bile acids
Maintain connective tissue
*Unlike most mammals, we can’t make
our own Vitamin C
Gout: build up of uric acid
crystals are deposited on joint cartilage
Snapshot 7-5, p, 232
Pharmacological effects
-Can have negative effect
-Alters insulin response
-Disrupts anti-clotting
-Digestive problems
Vitamin C
Vitamin C and the Cold:
-No data support containment
-Increased doses do:
- decrease symptoms
- decrease duration
- decrease Histamine production
-Sneezing
-Stuffiness
- increases immunity
Linus Pauling: Mega doses can cure cancer
B Complex Vitamins
• Enhance metabolism of energy from
carbohydrates, fats, and proteins (Coenzymes)
• Promote new cell proliferation
• Promote protein synthesis and use of amino
acids
Brain and
other tissues
metabolize
carbohydrates.
Muscles and
other tissues
metabolize
protein.
Bone tissues
make new
blood cells.
Coenzymes
Small molecule that binds
with an enzyme and activates it
Liver and other
tissues
metabolize fat.
Digestive
tract
lining
replaces
its cells.
(Vitamin B1)
Beri beri:
- ailment of the nervous system
- weightloss
- emotional disturbances
- impaired sensory perception
- weakness/ pain in limbs
- irregular heart rate
- edema
- problem in Asia when transition from brown to white rice
(Vitamin B2)
*lack of milk consumption
can cause a deficiency
(Vitamin B3)
Can be made from
amino acid tryptophan
Pellagra (1700’s):
- corn as staple food lead to:
- decreased niacin, tryptophan, and protein
100+ Reactions:
- hemoglobin
- serotonin
- niacin
- amino acid processing
- amino acid synthesis
- fatty acid synthesis
- glycogenolysis
- brain development
- steroid activity
- cell proliferation
- red blood cells
- RNA/DNA
- myelin protector
Closely related to folate
Need each other for activation
True Vegans may need to supplement with this vitamin
(from foliage)
From fresh leafy green vegetables
Cooking destroys folate storage
Drug Interactions:
- antacids
- aspirin
- anticonvulsants
- oral contraceptives
-cell proliferation
- digestive cells
- red blood cells
- RNA/DNA
- amino acid metabolism
Smoking interferes with folate absorption
Deficiency during pregnancy is correlated with
Neural Tube defects
Neural Tube Defects
Anencephaly: Failed closure of the Anterior Neuropore
Spina Bifida: Failed closure of the Posterior Neuropore