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UNIT 4
CHEMISTRY OF LIFE
SPONCH
What is SPONCH?
SPONCH
6 most important
elements to life
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S= Sulfur
P= Phosphorus
O= Oxygen
N= Nitrogen
C= Carbon
H= Hydrogen
Periodic Table of Elements
• Organized table of
elements discovered
so far
• Organized according
to atomic structure
and chemical
characteristics
CARBON – the building block of
life!
• DRAW Carbon
Carbon is able to bond with up to four other elements or form
double and triple bonds with other carbon atoms. Because of the
unique bonding properties, there are millions of different organic
chemicals. Each one has unique properties (functions).
Carbon
• Inorganic compounds are substances that
don’t have carbon-hydrogen (C-H) bonds,
like minerals, metals, and salts.
• Organic compounds contain CARBON
atoms and are made by living things.
Most matter in your body that is not water
is made of organic compounds.
MACROMOLECULESLARGE ORGANIC COMPOUNDS
• 4 Main Groups of Macromolecules:
– Carbohydrates
– Lipids
– Proteins
– Nucleic Acids
CARBOHYDRATES
•Provide ENERGY source for cells (1 gram =
4 Calories)
•Made of Carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen in
ratio of 1:2:1
•Monomer is monosaccharide (glucose C6H12O6, fructose)
•Animals store glucose in form of
polysaccharide glycogen and plants store
glucose in form of starch
•Found in fruits, vegetables, grains
• Two linked = disaccharides
– Examples = sucrose (glucose and fructose)
and lactose (glucose and galactose)
• Polymer = polysaccharides
– Examples = glycogen (animals) starch
(plants)
Cellulose (fiber)– polysaccharide that provides
structural support for plants, humans cannot
digest for nutrients; aids in digestion
LIPIDS
• MONOMERS = fatty acids
• Saturated-animal fats, butter, lard, grease
• Unsaturated-most plant oils, olive oil, fish
oils
TYPES OF LIPIDS
• TRIGLYCERIDES
• PHOSPHOLIPIDS
• WAXES
• STEROIDS
POLYMER FUNCTIONS
• TRIGLYCERIDES – insulation and energy
storage (1 gram = 9 Calories)
• PHOSPHOLIPIDS – main component in
cell membranes
•WAXES – ear wax,
beeswax, lanolin, protection
from water loss in plants
STEROIDS - (Examples:
cholesterol, Vitamin D,
estrogen, cortisone,
chlorophyll) stimulate bone
and muscle growth,
development of reproductive
organs, sexual function, antiinflammatory, essential in
brain function, plant pigments
HARDENING OF THE ARTERIES
• Adaquate amounts of lipids are essential to a
balanced diet.
• Eating too many foods with fats, such as
cholesterol and saturated fatty acids, can cause
a build up in arteries
• What other factors contribute to arteriosclerosis
(narrowing and hardening of the arteries)?
PROTEINS
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Monomers = amino acids
Peptide = short chain of amino acids
Polypeptide = long chain of amino acids
Humans must have 20 different amino acids,
but can produce only 10; others must be from
food we eat
• Structure is very important – pH and
temperature can affect shape
• Food sources high in protein include
legumes, eggs, milk, fish, poultry, and meat
(1 gram = 4 Calories)
FUNCTIONS of PROTEINS
• Structural (bones, ligaments, skin)– collagen,
protein fibers
• Defense against infection- antibodies
• Hormones – insulin, prolactin
• Transport – hemoglobin (carries oxygen)
• Histones – “spools” around which DNA
winds
• ENZYMES!!! – speed up reactions in body,
help break down molecules
Enzyme Lock and Key Model
Enzymes (special type of protein)
•Usually end in “-ase” (lipase,catalase)
•Act as catalysts (speed up reactions)
•Lower activation energy (amt of energy needed for a chemical rxn to
occur)
•3D shape of enzyme is very important!
•Factors that can affect the rate of a reatction:
pH level
temperature
enzyme concentration (amt of
enzyme present)
substrate concentration (amt of
substance being acted on by enzyme)
pH Scale indicates the
Section
2-2
concentrion
of H+ ions in water
Acids have higher
concentration of
H+, bases have
higher
concentration of
OH-
Increasingly Basic
Oven cleaner
The higher the pH,
the more BASIC the
solution. The lower
the pH, the more
ACIDIC the
solution.
Increasingly Acidic
Neutral
Bleach
Ammonia solution
Soap
Sea water
Human blood
Pure water
Milk
Normal
rainfall
Acid rain
Tomato
juice
Lemon juice
Stomach acid
NUCLEIC ACIDS
•Monomer – nucleotide (a sugar, nitrogen
base, and phosphate group)
•DNA – found in nucleus of plant and animal
cells, double-stranded; contains information,
determines proteins made (organisms
characteristics), directs cell activities
•RNA – single-stranded; stores, transfers info
from DNA to make proteins, can act as
enzymes
•Both made of nucleotides (thousands of
linked monomers)
•Found in all cells
Concept Map
Section 2-3
include
that consist of
that consist of
that consist of
that consist of
which contain
which contain
which contain
which contain
Concept Map
Section 2-3
Carbon
Compounds
include
Carbohydrates
Lipids
Nucleic acids
Proteins
that consist of
that consist of
that consist of
that consist of
Monosaccharides
(sugars)
which include
Fatty acids
Nucleotides
Amino Acids
which include
which include
which include
Glucose
Butter, oil
cellulose
testosterone
DNA
RNA
Collagen
Hemoglobin
enzymes