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Unit 6 Lecture 4
Kingdom Fungi
 aka Kingdom Mycetae
 eukaryotes
[domain Eukarya]
 unicellular or
multicellular
 heterotrophic
 saphrophytic
 mutualistic
 parasitic
Kingdom Fungi
 immobile
 sexual and asexual reproduction
 diverse in color, location, and shape/size
 Amillaria mushroom in Mi
 most similar in appearance to plants,
but similar in DNA to animals
Fungus Structure
 hypha(e) – thread-like
strings of nuclei
 come from spores
 can be tiny to acres large
 feeding system
[like plant roots]
 secrete enzymes to
digest materials
hyphae
Fungus Structure
 hypha(e) – thread-like
strings of nuclei
 can be partitioned
with septa(e)
 septate / coenocytic
 mycelium – group of hyphae
hyphae
Fungus Structure
 hypha(e) – thread-like
strings of nuclei
 haustorium – tip of
parasitic fungi;
penetrates host tissue
to feed
hyphae
Fungus Structure
 chitin – makes up
cell walls of fungi
 gives strength
and flexibility
hyphae
Discuss
 What is the difference between the composition of
plant cell walls vs that of fungal cell walls?
 What two functions can hyphae serve for a fungus?
Fungus Structure
pileus
scales
 fruiting body – grows above
the soil; produces spores
 in some types, this is the
mushroom
 pileus – cap
 scales – make up cap
hyphae
pileus
Fungus Structure lamellae
 fruiting body – grows above annulus
the soil; produces spores
 lamella(e) – gill(s)
stape
 annulus – ring
 stape - stem
 volva – cup
volva
hyphae
scales
Economic Importance
 medical applications
 food applications
 antibiotics
 bread
 enzymes
 wine
 other medicines
 cheese
 mushrooms
 yogurt
Harm
 Though fungi can be extraordinarily beneficial to us
and to the ecosystem [decomposers], they can also be
harmful
 plant damage – “rusts”
 toxins in food
 diseases
Discuss
 Name two beneficial uses for fungi.
 Name one harmful fungus for a human.
 Name the most economically important fungus.
Symbiosis
 Lichen
 fungus + alga
 most are phylum
ascomycota
 need light, air,
water, & minerals
 pioneer species
 function as
biological
indicator
Symbiosis
 Mycorrhizae
 fungus + plant
 most are phylum zygomycota
 hyphae grow
through plant roots
 absorb minerals for
plant, plant gives
fungus organic sugars
and amino acids
 may help with
water retention
Symbiosis
 wood-boring beetles
 other plants – orchids cannot germinate w/o fungus
Discuss
 What is the symbiotic partner of a
 lichen?
 mycorrhiza?
 What does it mean that lichens function as
“biological indicators”?
 What other organisms can also be “indicators”?
Phyla
 phyla are grouped by
the type of spores
they create:
 zygomycota
 ascomycota
 basidiomycota
 deuteromycota
Phyla
 Zygomycota
 sexual [zygospores] & asexual
zygospore – thick-walled hearty spores which
form sexually and last through
harsh conditions
 coenocytic hyphae [no septa]
 most are decomposers [bread mold]

Phyla
 Ascomycota – the sac fungi
 largest & most economically
important group
 sexual [ascospores] & asexual
 ascospore – spore which
develops in sac-like
structure called an ascus
 ex: yeast, lichens, morels,
blue/green/red/brown
molds
Phyla
 Basidiomycota – the club fungi
 most are saprobes/saphrophytes
 sexual [basidiospores] & asexual
basidiospore – develop on gills of mushroom in
club-shaped structures called
basidia
 ex: mushrooms, puffballs,
shelf-fungi [on trees],
bird’s nest fungi, plant rusts

Phyla
 Deuteromycota – the imperfect fungi
 asexual reproduction only
 useful in making food
cheese, jams, anything
“fruit-flavored” for citric acid
 ex: Penicillium spp., ringworm,
blue stuff in bleu cheese

Discuss
 How are fungal phyla separated?
 Which phylum reproduces…
 using zygospores?
 only asexually?
 using spores in sacs?
 using spores in club-shaped structures?
Homework
 BDOL 20.1 and BDOL 20.2 worksheet