Download Organic and Biochemical Compounds

Organic and Biochemical
Compounds
• Organic compound – a covalently
bonded compound that contains
carbon, excluding carbonates and
oxides
• Organic compounds contain Carbon and
almost always Hydrogen
• Other atoms such as Oxygen, Nitrogen
Sulfur, and Phosphorus are also found in
some organic compounds
• Ex:- aspirin- organic compound acetylsalicylic acid,
C9H8O4
- sugarless chewing gum has organic
compounds, sweeteners : sorbitol C6H14O6 and
aspartame C14H18N2O5.
• When a compound is
made of only carbon and
hydrogen atoms, it is
called Hydrocarbon
• Ex: methane, carbon have
4 valence electrons, each
of these electrons forms a
different C-H single bond
• Carbon atoms can never
form more than a total of
four covalent bonds in
organic compounds
• Alkenes- are hydrocarbons
that have only single
covalent bonds
• Methane- CH4 has only C-H
bonds
• Ethane- C2H6 has a C-C
bond in addition to six C-H
bonds
• Propane-C3H8 has 3 bonded
carbon atoms, each carbon
forms three bonds with three
hydrogen atoms
• Arrangements of
carbon in alkenes:
carbon atoms in any
alkane with more than
3 carbon atoms can
have more than one
possible arrangement
• Except for cyclic
alkenes like
cyclohexane, the
chemical formula for
alkene : CnH2n+2
Alkenes have double C=C bonds
• Alkenes are also carbohydrates
• They are called like alkanes but with the –
ane ending replaced by –ene, they are
different because they have at least one
double covalent bond: C=C
• Ex: - ethene (or ethylene) C2H4 is formed
when fruit ripens
-propene (or propylene) C3H6 is used
to make rubbing alcohol and some plastics
• Alcohol have -OH
groups (or hydroxyl)
• Methanol CH3OH is
added to ethanol
CH3CH2OH, to make
denatured alcohol
• Isopropanol which is
found in rubbing
alcohol : C3H8O or
(CH3)2CHOH
• DNA inside the cells
of your body, rubber,
wood , and plastic
milk jugs they all are
made of large
molecules called
polymers
• Polymer – a large
moleule that is
formed by more
than five monomers,
or small units
• Many polymers have repeating subunits
• Poly means “many”
• Polyethene = “many ethenes”, in this
case C2H4 is called monomer
• Some polymers are natural (wood, DNA,
protein) others are man-made (plastic or
fibers)
• The elasticity of a polymer is determined
by its structue (ex: if you crush a milk jug,
it does not return to its original shape-is
not elastic)
Biochemical Compounds
• Carbohydrate- any organic compound
that is made of carbon, hydrogen and
oxygen and that provides nutrients to
the cells of living things
• Protein-an organic compound that is
made of oneor more chains of amino
cids and that is a principal component
of all cell
• Amino acid any one
of 20 different
organic molecules
that contain a
carboxyl and an
amino group and
that to form proteins
• Ex: insulin
• Many proteins are
made of thousands of
bonded amino acid
molecules
• DNA- is a polymer
with a complex
structure
• Your DNAdetermines your
entire genetic makeup
• DNA- is it made of
organic molecules
containing carbon,
hydrogen, oxygen,
nitrogen, and
phosphorus
• DNA’s structure
resembles a twisted
ladder
• Attached to each sugar
molecule is one of four
possible DNA monomers:
adenine, thymine,
cytosine or guanine
• Most ccells have a copy
of your genetic material
in the form of
chromosomes made of
DNA