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Principles of Ecology
Ecosystem
An ecosystem is a natural unit
consisting of:
 Plants
 Animals
 micro-organisms
 physical factors
Ecosystem
Abiotic and Biotic
 abiotic components are non-living
chemical and physical factors in the
environment
 abiotic components can impact evolution
 Biotic components are living
organisms
Abiotic and Biotic
Microbes
 Microbe-an organism that is microscopic
 include
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Bacteria
Fungi
Archaea
Protists
Microscopic Plants
 green algae
 Microscopic Animals
 Plankton
 Planarian
 Amoeba
 Sometimes including viruses, but others consider these
as non-living
Microbes
Animals
 Kingdom Animalia
 Multicellular
 Eukaryotic
 Body plan becomes fixed as they develop
 some undergo a process of metamorphosis
 Most animals are motile (can move)
 Most animals are heterotrophs (consumers)
Animals – The tree is NOT in the
kingdom Animalia
Plants vs. Algae
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Kingdom Plantae
Eukarotic
Autotrophs
Obtain most of their energy
from sunlight via a process
called photosynthesis
 Have a cell wall of cellulose
 Kingdom Protista
 Common algae =seaweeds
 Algae classified by color
Green
Red
brown algae.
 Each algal groups includes
various microscopic and singlecelled organisms
Plants
Photosynthesis
Photosynthesis is a process that converts
carbon dioxide into organic compounds
(sugars)
Uses the energy from sunlight.
Photosynthesis occurs in plants, algae,
and many species of bacteria.
light
In Chloroplast CO2 + H20>>>C6H12O6+O2
 In Chloroplast Carbon Dioxide+Water+Light>>>>Glucose+Oxygen
Co2 + H2O>O2+C6H12O6
Respiration
Cellular respiration is the process that
converts nutrients into adenosine
triphosphate (ATP) and release waste
products.
In Mitochondria
O2+C6H12O6>>>CO2+H20+energy
 Oxygen + Glucose>>>Carbon Dioxide +Water + Energy
Respiration
Aerobic and Anaerobic
Aerobic respiration requires oxygen in
order to generate energy (ATP).
Anaerobic=without oxygen the organism
doe not metabolized by cellular
respiration but undergoes a process of
fermentation.
Both create energy for organism
Aerobic and Anaerobic
Nitrogen Fixation
 Nitrogen fixation-the process by which
nitrogen is taken from the atmosphere and
converted into nitrogen compounds
 Ammonia
 nitrate
 nitrite.
 This is an essential process for life because
fixed nitrogen is needed to amino acids Which
makes proteins.
 Happens from bacteria on the roots of
legumes
Nitrogen fixation
Blue-green algae
 Cyanobacteria is known as blue-green algae or
blue-green bacteria
 A phylum of bacteria that obtain their energy through
photosynthesis.
 Important component of the marine nitrogen cycle &
primary producer in many areas of the ocean
 Found in freshwater
 Hyper saline lakes
 Found in arid areas
 they are a major component of biological soil crusts.
Blue Green Algae
Nitrogen Gas
 Nitrogen is a chemical element
 the symbol N
 atomic number 7
 atomic mass 14.00674µ.
 Elemental nitrogen is
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Colorless
Odorless
Tasteless
mostly inert diatomic gas
constitutes 78% by volume of Earth's atmosphere.
Nitrogen Gas
Ammonia
 Ammonia- a compound of nitrogen and hydrogen
 formula NH3
 pungent odor.
 Ammonia contributes to the nutritional needs of terrestrial organisms by
serving as a precursor to foodstuffs and fertilizers.
 Ammonium ions are a toxic waste product of animals.
 In fishes and aquatic invertebrates, it is excreted directly into the water.
 In mammals, sharks, and amphibians, it is converted in the urea cycle to
urea, because it is less toxic and can be stored more efficiently.
 In birds, reptiles, and terrestrial snails, metabolic ammonium is
converted into uric acid, which is solid, and can therefore be excreted
with minimal water loss.
Ammonia
Nitrate
 A nitrate is a salt of nitric acid with an ion composed
of one nitrogen and three oxygen atoms (NO−3).
 In freshwater or estuarine systems nitrate can reach
high levels that can potentially cause the death of fish.
 While nitrate is much less toxic than ammonia or
nitrite, levels over 30 ppm of nitrate can inhibit growth,
impair the immune system and cause stress in some
aquatic species.
 Fertilizer can increase primary production of algae,
and cause an algae bloom.
Nitrate