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Evidence for Evolution Evolution on trial Earth is 4.6 billion years old and the oldest evidence of life is 3.6 billion years old. If this mechanism of change has been shaping the organisms on this planet, then there should be evidence of it occurring 5 major types of evidence used to support the theory of evolution. 1. Fossil Record Skeletons, bones, impressions, etc. of organisms no longer found living on the planet. Radiometric and relative dating suggests life is billions of years old Activity The older the fossils the more simple and the greater the differences between existing organisms Incomplete and includes inferences 2. Biogeographical The study of the geographic distribution of organisms Islands of the world have species found no place else. (13 different species of finch on Galapagos, aquatic iguanas, Hawaiian honeycreepers, etc.) Marsupials found in both Australia and S. America. Few placental mammals in Aus; many in S. America. Results in a wide diversity of marsupials in Australia and low diversity of marsupials in S. America Organisms that are similar on different continents are that way b/c adapted to similar ecosystems 3. Anatomical Outside appearance of body parts of similar categories of organisms may look and function differently If internal structures are examined lots of similarities exist. Ex. Forelimbs in vertebrates Homologous Structures: Structures in different species that are similar in makeup, and may have different functions. Wings of bat, forelimbs of dog 3. Anatomical Cont. Analogous Structures: Structures in different species that have different makeup but have same function. Wings of bat and wings of bee Vestigial Structures: Any structure that is reduced in function. Results in reduction of size. (ex. Human Appendix / wisdom teeth, whale pelvic bones, ostrich wings, dew claw on dogs and cats.) 4. Embryological Development The stages of development from zygote to embryo are the same for all animals. 5. Genetic Comparisons Comparing the base pairs of similar genes, and/or amino acid sequences of similar proteins from different organisms The more similarities the closer related. 60% of human genes are fundamentally the same as fruit fly genes. 90% the same as mice 96% similar to chimpanzees All humans are 99.9% the same genetically