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Ch 2 Performance Objectives
• Distinguish between organic and inorganic compounds.
• List several salts or their ions important to body functioning.
• Describe roles of water and significance of water to
homeostasis.
• Explain concept of pH and state pH of blood.
• List major functions of carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and
nucleic acids.
• Define enzyme and explain role of enzymes.
• Explain the importance of ATP in the body.
Biochemistry: Essentials for Life
Organic compounds
• carbon
• Example: C6H12O6 (glucose)
Inorganic compounds
• Lack carbon
• simpler
• Example: H2O (water)
Slide 2.21
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Important Inorganic Compounds
Water
• Most abundant
• Vital properties
High heat capacity
Polarity/solvent
Chemical reactivity
Cushioning
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Slide 2.22
Important Inorganic Compounds
Salts
easily dissociates (dissolves) in water
Vital to many body functions
Include electrolytes -conduct
electrical currents
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Slide 2.23
Important Inorganic Compounds
• Acids
Proton donors
release hydrogen ions in water
• Bases
Proton acceptors
Release hydroxide ions in water
• Neutralization reaction
Acids and bases react to pH 7 (neutral)
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Slide 2.24
pH – power of Hydrogen
no. H in substance
• Measures relative
concentration of H+
pH 7 = neutral
pH < 7 = acidic
pH > 7 = basic
• Buffers
Chemicals that can
change pH
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Important Organic Compounds
• Carbohydrates
C,H,O
sugars and starches
Classified according to size
• Monosaccharides – simple sugars
• Disaccharides – 2 simple sugars joined
• Polysaccharides – long, branching chains
of simple sugars
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Slide 2.26
Important Organic Compounds
• Lipids
• Contain C,H,O
• More C & H than O
• Mostly C & H
• Insoluble in water
(hydrophobic)
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Slide 2.29
Important Organic Compounds
• Proteins
• Made of amino acids
• Contain C,O,H,N, sometimes S
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Slide 2.33a
Enzymes
• biological catalysts
• Increase rate of chemical reactions (via
decreasing activation energy of Rx)
Figure 2.16
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Slide 2.34
Important Organic Compounds
Nucleic Acids
• blueprint of life
• Nucleotide bases
• A = Adenine
• G = Guanine
• C = Cytosine
• T = Thymine
• U = Uracil
Make DNA and RNA
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Slide 2.35
Important Organic Compounds
• Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)
• Necessary chemical energy used by all
cells
• Energy released by breaking high energy
phosphate bond
• ATP is replenished by food fuels
• Get most energy from fats
(over 120 ATP),
then carbs 36-38 ATP),
then protein (varies)