Download File - G. Scott`s Bio Page

• Water’s structure
Card 1
– Partial positive and negative charge = polar
– This causes water to stick to other water molecules
= cohesion
- Causes water to stick to other substances =
adhesion (think of adhesive band aid)
– Allows water to dissolve most substances =
universal solvent
– Water is less dense when it freezes, so ponds do
not freeze from the bottom up; only the top freezes
Continued on next slide
Card 1 continued
– Surface tension = water sticks to its self
(cohesion) and forms a film on top of the water,
which allows insects to walk on it (adhesion)
– Capillary action = water sticks to is self
(cohesion) and is pulled up the vascular tissue in
plants (adhesion)
– Hydrogen bonds holds individual water
molecules together
Card 2
• The pH scale measures how acidic or
basic something is
– Acids are 0-7 on the scale
– Neutral is 7 (water)
– Bases are 7-14 on the scale
– Remember that A comes before B.
Acid___________________Base
0
7
14
Card 3
• Carbohydrate
– Organic because contains
carbon
– Made up of CHO (in a
ration of 1-2-1)
– Made up of
monosaccharide
(monomer) ex glucose
– Polysaccharide (polymer)
ex starch
– Provides short term energy,
makes up cell wall in plants
• Lipid
– Organic
– Made up of CHO (no
specific ratio)
– Made up of fatty acids
(monomer)
– Chain of fatty acids
(polymer) ex fats
– Provides long term energy
storage, makes up the cell
membrane
Card 4
• Protein
– Organic because
contains carbon
– Made up of CHON
– Made up of amino acids
(monomer)
– Polypeptide chain or
amino acid chain
(polymer) ex enzymes
– Builds muscle and
bones, enzymes =
catalysts (speed up
reactions)
• Nucleic acid
– Organic
– Made up of CHONP
– Made up of nucleotide
(monomer)
– DNA and RNA
– Transmits and stores
genetic information
Card 5
• The lock and key model
– An enzyme is a protein that speeds up a
chemical reaction by lowering the activation
energy required to start a reaction
– Enzymes are reused after reactions; stays the
same
Card 6
• Prokaryote
– Does not contain a nucleus
or any other membrane
bound organelles
– Has ribosomes, cell
membrane, and some times
cell wall, and DNA loose
inside cell
– Ex bacteria
• Eukaryote (Euks have nukes)
– Has a nucleus that contains
DNA and other membrane
bound organelles
– Ribosomes = make protein
– Plant cells have cell wall and
chloroplast
Card 7
• Cilia = tiny hairs that
help cells move
– Ex paramecium
• Flagella = whip like
structure that helps
cells move
– Ex euglena
• Pseudopodia =
movement of
cytoplasm helps cells
move
– Ex amobea
Card 8
• Respiratory
– Made up of lungs,
trachea, nose
– Where exchange of
gases takes place
• Breathes out carbon
dioxide and takes in
oxygen
• Circulatory
– Made up of heart,
blood, blood vessels
– Transports nutrients
and blood through out
the body
Card 9
• Digestive
– Made up of mouth,
esophagus, stomach,
small intestines, liver,
and large intestines
– Where nutrients are
broken down and
absorbed by the body
• Excretory
– Made up of blood,
kidneys, ureters,
urinary bladder
– Where blood is filtered
and waste is
eliminated from the
body
Card 10
• Nervous
– Made up of brain,
spinal cord, nerves
– Controls movement in
the body
(coordination) and
communication
• Endocrine
– Made up of hormones,
hormone secreting
glands (thyroid,
pituitary)
– Regulates processes
in the body
Card 11
• Diffusion
– Movement of
molecules from high
concentration to low
concentration
– Form of passive
transport because it
does not require
energy
• Osmosis
– Movement of water from high
concentration to low concentration
– Form of diffusion; passive transport
because it does not require energy
• Hypertonic = more water inside the cell
(less solute)
• Hypotonic = more water outside the cell
( less solute)
• Isotonic = equilibrium; same
concentration of water in and out of cell
Card 12
• Mitochondria
– Cellular respiration
(power house of cell)
– ATP is created
(energy)
• Chloroplast
– Photosynthesis
– Use sunlight to make
their own food (glucose)
– Takes place in all
organism (bacteria,
plants and animals)
– Takes place in plants
– O2 + C6H12O6 → CO2
+ H2O + ATP
– CO2 + H2O + Sunlight →
O2 + C6H12O6
Card 13
• DNA structure
– Watson and Crick discovered its shape as a Double
Helix, which has a sugar and phosphate backbone
with nitrogen bases in the center (rungs)
– Made up of individual nucleotides
– Base pairing rules (complimentary)
• A–T
• C-G