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“Muhammad” in Arabic “Allah” in Arabic The Middle East: Geography and Religion Geography of the Middle East Southwest Asia Some people include Egypt as part of the “Mideast” Why the name, “Mideast”? Eurocentric perspective East of Europe, but not as far east as China / India = Middle East Religions of the Middle East: Islam Founding of religion Established in 600s by Muhammad, an Arab merchant Series of revelations to Muhammad, by God Muhammad led Muslims to conquest of all of Arabian peninsula by his death in 632 After his death, over the next 100 years or so, the Caliphs (leaders) led Muslims on conquest of much of the known world Religions of the Middle East: Islam Conquests of Caliphs All of North Africa All of Spain, and into Spain – stopped by Charles Martel in France at the Battle of Tours, 732 All of Iraq, Iran Afghanistan and parts of India The Muslim Caliphate Caliphate = Lands under Muslims rule Stretched from Atlantic Ocean to India Eventually broke up into individual caliphates, by 1000 AD Caliphate centered on Spain / Africa Caliphate centered in Egypt Caliphate centered on Damascus Caliphate centered on Baghdad Ottoman Empire (1299-1922) Major Islamic empire centered on modern day Turkey At its height, it governed a massive empire Empire included much of SE Europe, including Greece, Hungary, and former Yugoslavia Overthrown and dissolved after WWI Muslim Beliefs Monotheistic faith Believed they were chosen by God (ALLAH) to show how man was to worship Him Beliefs centered on “Five Pillars of Islam” Five Pillars of Islam Shahada Salat Muslims performing the Salat 2.5% tithe to charity Sawm Mandatory prayer 5 times a day (connect to God) Zakat Declaration of Faith “There is no God but Allah & Muhammad is his Prophet” Fasting during Ramadan (purify) Hajj Pilgrimage to Mecca The hajj Sources of Islamic Teaching Koran (revelations of God made to Muhammad) Hadith (traditions relating to life, deeds of Muhammad) Taught by oral repetition “Perfection” of monotheistic teachings about God Important tools for determining how Muslims should live First written down in 7th C. Sharia (Islamic law) Regulations of public, private life Traditional way of living Sunni vs. Shia Split in Muslim world around 700 AD over proper Caliph Sunni (“majority”) = elect caliph Shia = caliph should be relative of Muhammad Sunni Majority of Muslims, today Generally more secular Shia Make up about 10% of Muslims More fundamentalist Found mainly in Iran, Eastern Iraq Where do Muslims come from? Holy Cities of Islam Mecca (1st in importance) Medina (2nd in importance) Saudi Arabia Home of Muhammad Location of kaaba Saudi Arabia Home of the Masjid al Nabawi, the most important mosque Jerusalem (3rd in importance) Israel Home of Al-Aqsa Mosque Judaism: Origin & History First prophet was Abraham, a Sumerian Focused on attaining a homeland for the Jewish people, in Canaan (modern Israel); moved to Egypt Egypt (Moses) to Canaan (David) and establishment of kingdoms of Israel and Judah Beliefs of Judaism Monotheistic faith God = Yahweh All powerful, personal, eternal Jewish people were chosen by Yahweh to show rest of the world how Yahweh wanted to be worshipped Contractual relationship Jewish people follow 10 commandments Yahweh protects Jewish people Judaism: Important Books Torah First five books of Bible Tells story of how Yahweh chose Jewish people to be examples of how to live, worship Talmud Law for the Jewish people Organized topically Originally passed down orally Political Judaism State existed from about 990 – 586 BC, then 538 BC – 135 AD State destroyed by the Roman Empire Modern state of Israel founded in 1948 Remember context of WWII: Holocaust, building pressure to settle surviving Jews Palestinian (Arab Muslims) living in lands were displaced State of Israel’s biggest ally is the United States Political Judaism: Conflict with the Muslim World 1948 War: Israel invaded by Lebanon, Syria, Iraq, Jordan, and Egypt 1956 War: Egypt takes over Suez; Fr, GB, Israelis invade 1967: Israeli surprise attack vs. Egypt, Syria 1973: Egypt, Syria surprise attack; Israel (+ US) push them back 1982: Palestinians launch 1000s of attacks from Lebanon; Israel invades Essential Questions How do you think the Muslims feel about Israel, today? How do you think the Israelis feel about Muslim countries, today?