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Transcript
Biochemistry The Atom Smallest unit of an ____________ Three particles – Protons (___ charge) – Neutrons (__ charge) – Electrons (__ charge) _________ contains protons and neutrons Elements Pure substance consisting of only one type of ___________ Listed in the _______________ Atoms of each element differ by the # of ___________ Isotopes Atoms of an element with different number of __________ Atomic # is the _____; mass # is _________ Most have same chemical properties Radioactive Isotopes Uses of radioactive isotopes – Dating of rocks and fossils – Treating cancer – Killing bacteria on food – Trace movements of substances within the body Chemical Compounds Substance of two or more ________ in definite proportions __________ chemical properties than the original elements Compound composition given in chemical formula – Examples: ______________ Chemical Reactions Breaking and forming ________________ _______- original elements or compounds _______- ending elements or compounds Monomer vs Polymer ___________- building block basic repeating _________- two monomers connected together _________- many monomers connected together Dehydration Synthesis Building larger molecules from smaller ones (requires energy) Monomer → Polymer Hydrolysis Break down large molecules into smaller ones (releases energy) Polymer → Monomer Carbon Compounds Condensation/Synthesis Polymer Monomer Hydrolysis What is So Special About Carbon? Carbon can bond with ______ other atoms Creates a great variety of different compounds Can for complex molecules including __________________________ Carbohydrates Made of C, H, and O in a _________ ratio Monomers – Monosaccharide – Examples: _______________________ Dimers – Disaccharides – Examples: _______________________ Polymers – Polysaccharides – Examples: _________________________ Carbohydrates (cont) Carbohydrates (cont) Carbohydrates (cont) Carbohydrates (cont) CHITIN Cellulose Uses for Carbohydrates Provide Used ________ for body functions to build nucleic acids Other ____________ functions Tests for Carbohydrates Benedict’s Iodine Test for ________ sugars Test for __________ Sugars Lipids Made of C, H, and O (phospholipids have P) Triglyceride – 1 Glycerol, 3 Fatty Acid Chains – Examples: _______________________ Phospholipid – 1 Glycerol, 2 Fatty Acid Chains – Example: __________________________ Steroid – 4 Carbon ring structure – Example: ____________________________ Lipids (cont) Lipids (cont) Lipids (cont) Lipids (cont) Lipids (cont) Cholesterol Progesterone Testosterone Uses for Lipids ___________ Padding source and insulation Structural _______________ Tests for Lipids Sudan IV Test Newspaper Test Nucleic Acid Made of C, H, O, N and P Monomer- ___________ Phosphate DNA – Sugar- Deoxyribose – Nitrogen Bases- _________ Sugar RNA – Sugar- Ribose – Nitrogen Bases- __________ Nitrogen Base DNA NUCLEOTIDE = Phosphate Purines = Deoxyribose Pyrimidines = Adenine = Thymine = Guanine = Cytosine DNA STRUCTURE A=T G=C A G T C Nucleic Acid (cont) RNA NUCLEOTIDE = Phosphate Purines = Ribose Pyrimidines = Adenine = Uracil = Guanine = Cytosine RNA STRUCTURE •Single-stranded Uses for Nucleic Acids Genetic code ATP Structure Adenine Adenosine High Energy Bonds Ribose Phosphates ADP AMP Rechargeable Battery Protein Made of C, H, O, S, and N Monomer – ___________(20 found in body) Polymer – ______________ – Amino Acids are held together by peptide bond Amino Acid Structure H H3N+ C R COOH Amino Acid Structure Polypeptide H H3N+ C R H COOH H3N+ C R H COOH H 3 N+ C R H COOH H3N+ C R COOH Uses for Proteins Structural ______________ Transport _______________ Test for Protein Biuret Test Energy of Reactions Reaction Types – Energy _____________ Rxn is spontaneous (does not mean fast) Activation energy- energy needed to get the rxn started At end of the rxn, energy released into environment – Energy _____________ Rxn is not spontaneous _____________ energy- energy needed to get the rxn started At end of the rxn, energy absorbed from environment Reaction Diagrams Enzymes __________ for rxn (speeds it up) ___________ (reactant) enters active site of enzyme to form enzyme-substrate complex; after rxn product leaves Enzyme is unchanged Action of Enzymes Speeds up rxn by _________________________________ Enzyme Reaction Rates Rates can be affected by – ________________ – ____________ – ____________________ Dissociation of Water pH Scale Scale measuring amount of ______(really H3O+) Ranges from _______ Below 7- _______ – Higher H+ Above 7- _______ – Higher OH- 7- ________ – Equal numbers of both
