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PHOTOSYNTHESIS Chapter 7 Starr text Sunlight 6 CO2 + 6 H2O C6H12O6 + 6 O2 ________________ generate their own energy by converting _______________energy into the _________________energy of sugar (glucose) Basis of most of the earth’s ______________ chains Produces and maintains all of the earth’s _____________ PHOTOSYNTHESIS and SUNLIGHT • Sunlight (_____________ ) has characteristics of matter as a packet of energy = _____________ • Photons travel in _____________ Chloroplasts are an organelle in plants that contain photosynthetic ____________that utilize the photons energy – Two outer membranes – Contain matrix stroma- where ___________ is made – Contains folded thylakoid membranes- form _____ and __________ – photosystems- where light energy is converted to ____________ energy Photosynthetic Pigments • Pigments absorb a particular wavelength of light in the _____________ spectrum – Chlorophyll a and Chlorophyll b • _____________ violet and red light • _____________ green and yellow light – Accessory pigments: • Carotenoids- orange • Anthocyanins- blue Overview of the Light Dependent Reactions • Think of the light reaction, as a process by which organisms “___________________" radiant energy as they produce oxygen gas. This energy is stored in the form of chemical bonds of compounds such as NADPH and ATP. Step I: Light Dependent Reactions • Sunlight photon energy is _____________ ! • Chlorophyll a and b within the chloroplast are REQUIRED! Photosystem II –A photon enters the chloroplast and bounces around in photosystem II within the thylakoid membranes –This action _____________ a bond within the chlorophyll releasing energy (e-) and a Hydrogen ion (H+) from chlorophyll Step I: Light Dependent Reactions Photosystem II • The energy (e-) from the photon is used to split water (H2O ) to generate 2 H+, 2 e- and oxygen. (________________) • The e- helps maintains a H+ concentration gradient within the thylakoid • When enough water is split - the __________ is released into the atmosphere as O2 Step I: Light Dependent Reactions Photosystem II • The Electron Transport Chain is located within the thylakoid membrane • H+ diffuses thru ATP synthase and this combines ADP + P to make _________ . Photosystem I • Another photon hits chlorophyll releasing energy • This energy (e-) and the H+ from water is reduced by NADP+ to form _____________ (an electron/energy carrier) Step I: Light Dependent Reactions Overview of the Light Independent Reactions • AKA Dark Reactions AKA Calvin Cycle • Carbon dioxide is broken and “_____________ ” into sugar (glucose/sucrose/fructose) molecules in the CALVIN CYCLE!!!! • _____________ subunits can make cellulose or other polysaccharides, such as fruit sugars. • The carbon skeleton in glucose also helps to synthesize other important biochemical compounds such as, lipids, amino acids, and nucleic acids. Step II: Light-Independent Reactions • Does not require light ; can happen at any time of day. • CO2 enters the cell through pores called _____________ in the leaves and is brought the stroma within chloroplasts • The energy from NADPH and ATP is used to rearrange Carbon, Oxygen and Hydrogen into _____________ C6H12O6 in a process called carbon fixation. Diagram of Photosynthesis