Download Carbon Compounds In Cells

Chapter 3
Carbon Compounds In Cells
Producers Capture _______
CO2 + H2O
_____
______
sugars
_______
1.
2.
3.
4.
Carbohydrates
Lipids
Proteins
Nucleic acids
Global warming- we all agree it is happening
•World ____concentrations increase in fall/winter
•Overall earth temp. is increasing.
•Use of fossil fuels releases ____into atmosphere
•Does increased ____ contribute to global warming??
Let’s build life from carbon
• Outer shell of carbon has __
electrons
• Each carbon atom can form covalent
bonds with up to ____ atoms
carbon
Carbon can be arranged in all sorts of molecules
This is ______________
Length
or
Branched
Double bonds
Rings
______________ give these molecules their function
• There are ___________________ that are
most important to the chemistry of life:
– 1) __________- OH
– 2) ___________-CO
– 3) __________-COOH
– 4) _________- NH3
– 5) ___________- SH
– 6) ___________- PO4
• All are ____________
and___________solubility of organic
compounds in water.
HYDROXYL
CARBOXYL
(alcohol)
METHYL
(non-ionized;
—COOH)
(ionized;
—COO–)
(non-ionized;
—NH2)
(ionized;
—+NH3)
AMINO
CARBONYL
PHOSPHATE
(aldehyde;
—CHO)
(ketone;
CO)
(icon for
phosphate
group)
Fig. 3.2, p. 36
Two major reactions to build and break
down macromolecules
1. _____________
Reaction
CONDENSATION
enzyme action at functional groups
• ____ subunits
•Water ________
Fig. 3.4a, p. 37
HYDROLYSIS
2. ___________
Reaction
• _______ subunits
•Water _________
enzyme action at functional groups
Fig. 3.4b, p. 37
1.
2.
3.
4.
Carbohydrates
Lipids
Proteins
Nucleic acids
End in “___”
• Monosaccharides- (simple sugars)
– _________-tasting
– Water soluble
– Most have _____ carbons-
glucose
fructose
• Glucose (6 C), Fructose (6 C), Ribose (5 C), Deoxyribose
(5 C)
glucose
fructose
•Table sugar is a __________
+ H2O
sucrose
1.
2.
3.
4.
Carbohydrates
•___________- (complex
Lipids
carbohydrates)
Proteins
•Made by ____________ reaction
Nucleic acids
• Straight or branched
chains of many sugar
monomers
• Most common are
composed entirely of
____________
–______________- tough, indigestible structural
material in plants
–_________ – easily digestible, used for plant storage
–_________- animal storage (in liver and muscles)
1.
2.
3.
4.
Carbohydrates
• Most include ______________
Lipids
– Fats
Proteins
– Phospholipids
Nucleic acids
– Waxes
• Sterols and their derivatives have no ____________
• Tend to be _____________ in water
What is a ___________?
• Carbon backbone (up to 36 C
atoms) with _________ group (COOH) at one end
–______________ - Single bonds
between carbons
–____________ - One or more
double bonds- linked to ______
_______
stearic acid
oleic acid
linolenic acid
What is a ___?
• 2 - 3 fatty acid(s)
attached to _________
•If one fatty acid is replaced
with a ________ group, it
become a ______________
• Phospholipids make up cell _________
1.
2.
3.
4.
Carbohydrates
Lipids
Proteins
Nucleic acids
Sterols and Derivatives
• No fatty acids
• Four fused-together
carbon ______
• __________- most
common type in
Waxes
animals
• Long-chain fatty acids
• Firm consistency, repel ______
• Important in _________________
1.
2.
3.
4.
Carbohydrates
Lipids
Proteins
Nucleic acids
__________ are the subunit of proteins
• Differences in ________ produce the __different
valine (val)
amino acids.
• Amino acids may be:
– Non-polar (no ___________ group)
– ______ (uncharged, or “+” or “-” charge)
Amino acids linked by ______ bonds
via ____________________
glutamate (glu)
Amino acids linked by
_______ bonds
via ___________
________
Condensation reaction
Condensation reaction
Condensation reaction
newly
forming
polypeptide
chain
Fig. 3.14, p. 43
1.
2.
3.
4.
Carbohydrates
Lipids
Proteins
Nucleic acids
•Four levels of structure:
___________._____________,
______________,___________
• Three or more amino acids= ___________
• Backbone of polypeptide has __atoms:
-N-C-C-N-C-C-N-C-C-N-
• The ______ structure
of a protein is its
unique _______ of
amino acids.
• Sickle cell disease, abnormal
hemoglobins, is due to a
single ________ substitution.
Normal
Sickle cell
D. Proteins
D. Proteins
• The ________ structure hydrogen bonds at regular
intervals along the
__________ backbone.
– Typical shapes
-_______ (an alpha
helix)
-______(beta pleated
sheets).
D. Proteins
• ______ structure - determined by
interactions among between _______ and
the _________ backbone.
1. _________ bonds
4. ____________- strong
covalent bonds that form
between the sulfhydryl groups
(SH) of cysteine monomers,
stabilize the structure.
2. __________
interactions
3. _____ bonds
Fig. 5.22
• _________ structure results from the
aggregation of _________ polypeptide
subunits.
D. Proteins
– _________ - fibrous protein of three
polypeptides that are supercoiled like a rope.
– ____________- a
globular protein
with ____ copies
of ____kinds
of polypeptides.
Fig. 5.23
Collagen
Hemaglobin
Protein Denaturation
• Disruption of three-dimensional shape
• Breakage of weak bonds
• Causes of denaturation:
– pH
– Temperature
• Destroying protein shape disrupts function
A permanent wave
1.
2.
3.
4.
Carbohydrates
Lipids
Proteins
Nucleic acids
• A gene consists of regions of
DNA, a polymer of _______
_____.
• Two types of nucleic acids:
_________________ and
_______________________
• DNA provides direction for its
own replication.
• DNA makes ____makes
_______.
• DNA is the basis of
inheritance
• One gene synthesizes one
____
1.
2.
3.
4.
Carbohydrates
Lipids
Proteins
Nucleic acids
E. Nucleic Acids
______ components in nucleic acids1. _____
• Sugar
– Ribose or deoxyribose
• Phosphate group
• Base
– Nitrogen-containing
– Single or double ring structure
3. ________
DNA –__ at the “2” carbon
RNA –__ at the “2” carbon
2. ____________
Nucleotide Functions
• _______ carriers
• Coenzymes
• Chemical messengers
• Building blocks for ________________
ATP - A Nucleotide
base
three phosphate groups
sugar
DNA
• Double-stranded
• Consists of four types of
nucleotides
– __ bound to __
– __ bound to __
RNA differs from DNA
1. RNA contains ________
as its sugar (not
deoxyribose)
2. _________ replaces
thymine.
AGTCAT becomes AGUCAU
3. An RNA molecule almost
always consists of a
________ strand.
4. Three types are key
players in protein synthesis
This is an H in DNA
Natural Toxins
• Normal ____________ products of one species
that can harm or kill a different species
• Natural pesticides
– Compounds from _____________
– Compounds from chrysanthemum
Synthetic Toxins
atrazine
DDT
malathion
Negative Effects of Pesticides
• May be toxic to ______________ that
help fight pests
• May be active for _________________
• Can be accidentally ______________,
______________ by humans
• Can cause rashes, headaches, allergic
reactions