Survey
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Classification Go to Section: Slide # 2 Important Vocabulary 1. Taxonomy: science of classification 2. Binomial nomenclature: two name naming system 3. Prokaryotic: cells without nucleus 4. Eukaryotic: cells with a nucleus 5. Autotroph: organism capable capturing energy from sunlight or chemicals & produces its own food 6. Heterotroph: organism that obtains its energy from food it consumes Finding Order in Diversity Slide # 3 Why organisms are given scientific names-a. Common names are misleading b. To study the diversity of life jellyfish silverfish None of these animals are fish! Go to Section: star fish Slide # 4 Why Scientists Assign Scientific Names to Organisms Some organisms have several common names This cat is commonly known as: •Florida panther •Mountain lion •Puma •Cougar Scientific name: Felis concolor Scientific name means “coat of one color” Go to Section: Slide # 5 Aristotle: The First to Classify Grouped organisms together that were not related. System remained unchanged for almost 2,000 years. Aristotle grouped jellyfish & clown fish together because they lived in the water. However, these organisms are not closely related. Go to Section: Slide # 6 Linnaeus: The Father of Modern Taxonomy 1732: Carolus Linnaeus developed system of classification – binomial nomenclature a. Two name naming system Genus and species Genus: noun species: adjective Genus capitalized species not capitalized Both names are italicized or underlined EX: Gray wolf: Canis lupus Go to Section: Carolus Linnaeus Slide # 7 Most Inclusive Linnaeus’s System is Hierarchical Kingdom 1. Phylum Class Order Family Genus Least Inclusive Species Go to Section: 2. Which of the following contains all of the others? a. Family c. Class b. Species d. Order Based on their names, you know that the baboons Papio annubis and Papio cynocephalus do not belong to the same: a. Family c. Order b. Genus d. Species Slide # 8 Hierarchical Ordering of Classification Grizzly bear Black bear Giant panda Red fox Coral Sea star Abert squirrel snake KINGDOM Animalia PHYLUM Chordata As we move from the kingdom level to the species level, more and more members are excluded – species is least inclusive! CLASS Mammalia ORDER Carnivora FAMILY Ursidae GENUS Ursus SPECIES Ursus arctos Go to Section: Cladograms verses Phylogenetic Trees • • “Y” shaped diagram Bony fish; paired fins Jawed fish & cartilage jawless Cladogram: shows where novel characteristics originate that separate one group from the rest. • • Phylogenetic tree: shows the paths taken by populations of organisms through many generations and over long periods of time. -- branching Slide # 9 Phylogenetic Trees 1. Practice reading a phylogenetic tree European otter 3. The striped skunk most closely related to: ______________________ Order 4. Cats and wolves are classified in the same ______________ Genus 5. Wolves and dogs are classified in the same ________________ Slide # 10 Using Molecular Data to Classify 1. How closely related one species is to another can be measured by comparing their genes and gene products. (proteins) 2. The more closely related two species are, the more similar their DNA base sequences for a gene (protein). 3. Can compare nucleotide sequence (for a gene) or the amino acid sequence (for a protein) Slide #11 Example of Using Molecular Data The table shows a comparison of some amino acids found in cytochrome c. The two organisms in the table that are most closely related are — A Q and T C Q and R Answer: Q & R B R and S D Q and S Comparing Q & T: 10% difference Comparing R & S: 9% difference Comparing Q & S: 6% difference Comparing R & T: 13% difference Comparing Q & R: 3% difference Comparing S & T: 4% difference Slide # 12 Using a Taxonomic Key 1. Also called a dichotomous key 2. Consists of a series of paired descriptions 3. Begin with the first pair of descriptions; decide which is most appropriate 4. Continue until all the pairs have been exhausted, or until you identify the specimen Slide # 13 Example of a Taxonomic Key Worm 1 belongs to which category? A. Acanthocephala C. Lumbricus B. Ascaris D. Nais Answer: Lumbricus