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Classification of Living Things Chapter 18 REMEMBER BIODIVERSITY ______________ total of all the living things in an ecosystem SPECIES ___________ population of organisms that share similar characteristics and can breed with each other Biologists have identified and named 1.5 million over______________ species so far. Estimates = between 2-100 million species yet be discovered WHY CLASSIFY? Identifies and names organisms Groups organisms in a logical manner TAXONOMY _______________ = branch of biology that names and groups organisms Naming and organizing animals into groups with biological significance helps make sense of relationships. BIRD . . . ? An animal with feathers A good classification system: places organisms in a group with other organisms that are similar A good classification system: UNIQUE Uses names that are _________ CHANGE as new data is discovered Can _____ RELATIONSHIPS Shows _____________ of organisms (300 B.C.) The first person to group or classify organisms was the Greek teacher & philosopher ARISTOTLE _______________ more than 2000 years ago. Aristotle’s system PLANTS: Based on size of stem ANIMALS: Based on where they lived Common names can vary Example: puma, catamount, mountain lion, cougar . . . are all names for same animal By using a universally accepted scientific name, scientists can be sure they are discussing the same organism Common names vary Chipmunk Streifenhornchen (German) Tamia (Italian) Ardilla listada (Spanish) Common names can be misleading Ex: A jellyFISH isn’t a fish, but a seaHORSE is! Sea cucumber sounds like a plant but… it’s an animal! Common names can be misleading In the United Kingdom, BUZZARD refers to a hawk In the United States, BUZZARD refers to a vulture. By mid 19th century, scientists recognized that using common names was confusing. Scientists agreed to use ____________ Latin and Greek to give a single name to each species. EXAMPLE: RED OAK Quercus foliis obtuse-sinuatis setaceo-mucronatis “oak with deeply divided leaves with deep blunt lobes bearing hair-like bristles” PROBLEMS: Names too hard and long to remember! Different scientists described different characteristics. Carolus Linnaeus comes to the rescue! Swedish botanist who devised a new classification system This system is still used today! (1707-1778) Linnaeus’s System Organisms are grouped in a hierarchy of 7 different taxonomic levels TAXONS OR ____________ Each organism has a two part scientific name = BINOMIAL _________________________ NOMENCLATURE Kidspiration by Riedell Source: see end of show Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species Kids Prefer Cheese Over Fried Green Spinach For Example…. Kingdom Animalia Phylum Chordata Class Mammalia Order Carnivora Family Felidae Genus Panthera Species leo BINOMIAL NOMENCLATURE (2-name naming system) 1st name = _______________ GENUS NAME – Always capitalized 2nd name = _________________ SPECIES NAME –Always lower case UNDERLINED or Both names are ______________ ITALICS written in ____________. GENUS = group of closely related species GENUS = Ursus (Includes many kinds of bears) Ursus arctos Ursus maritimus Ursus americanis SPECIES = unique to each kind of bear Binomial nomenclature Humans Homo sapiens Homo sapiens