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HONEY By: Arieal Lombard Final Project Chemistry What Is Honey? • Honey is an organic, natural sugar alternative with no additives, easy on the stomach, adapts to all cooking, and has an indefinite shelf-life • Honey is primarily composed of fructose, glucose and water. It also contains other sugars as well trace enzymes, minerals, vitamins and amino acids History • Its names comes from the English hunig, and it was the first and most widespread sweetener used by man • In the Old Testament of the Bible, Israel was often referred to as “the land of milk and honey.” • Honey was valued highly and often used as a form of currency, tribute, or offering. In the 11th century A.D., German peasants paid their feudal lords in honey and beeswax How Honey is Made • Bees perform the vital service of pollinating fruits, vegetables and other types of food producing plants in the course of honey making • The nectar mixture they gather from the flowers is carried back to the hive and placed into the honeycomb cells • Honeybees carry the nectar and mix it with enzymes in a pouch located in their body (which begins the process of changing the nectar into honey • The bees then evaporate much of the water out of the nectar mixture to thicken it Fermentation of Honey • Beekeepers gather the honey from the supers in the hive-A super is a section of the hive that contains several frames of honey in honeycombs • The supers are taken to the honey house for extracting-A extractor is a machine that is made to spin the frames of honey until the honey spins out and drips down the sides of the extractor Chemical Makeup Chemical Characteristics pH Honey contains a number of acids which include amino acids (0.05-0.1%) and organic acids (0.57%, range: 0.17-1.17%). The average pH of honey is 3.9 (with a typical range of 3.4 to 6.1). Proteins, Amino Acids & Isoelectric Point Protein 0.266% Nitrogen 0.043% Amino Acids 0.05 – 0.1% Isoelectric Point 4.3 Why is some honey light and some dark? • The color and taste depends on the kinds of flower the nectar came from • Clover makes a light colored, mild tasting honey that is usually found in grocery stores • Another popular variety is Orange Blossom honey, it is usually darker that Clover References •www.queenbeejan.com •www.homecooking.about.com •www.honey.com