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Interactions Species Distribution Related to THREE things: Fundamental Niche (abiotic conditions that it can tolerate) Ability to disperse to a new area Interactions with other species (symbiosis) Interactions Among Organisms Symbiosis An intimate relationship between members of 2 or more species Participants may be benefited, harmed or unaffected by the relationship Results Types: of co-evolution Competition, Predation, Mutualism, Commensalism Competition Interaction among organisms that vie for the same resource in an ecosystem Intraspecific Competition between individuals in a population Interspecific Competition species between individuals in 2 different Limiting Resources Any environmental resource that, because it is scarce or at unfavorable levels, restricts the ecological niche of an organism Predation Predation- the use of one species as a resource by another species. True predators: the consumption of one species by another Prey is killed by predator Herbivores Parasitism: relationship in which one species is benefited and the other is harmed Parasites rarely kill their hosts Mutualism A relationship in which both organisms benefit Example: Honey guide birds alert and direct badgers to bee hives. The badgers then expose the hives and feed on the honey first. Next the honey birds eat. Both species benefit. Example: Oxpeckers feed on the ticks found on a rhinocerous. The oxpeckers get a meal and the rhinocerous is helped by the removal of ticks. Commensalism A relationship in which one organism benefits and the other is not harmed nor helped. Example: Barnacles attach to whales. Barnacles get a free ride, but it doesn’t affect the whales. Example: A sparrow will build its nest under the next of the osprey. The smaller bird gets protection. The osprey is neither helped nor harmed. Interactions between species and their effects Type of Interaction Competition Predation Mutualism Commensalism Species 1 Species 2 + + + + 0