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Bell Work 3-19-12 1. A chlorine atom that has 17 protons and 18 neutrons is called _____________. a. Chlorine 17 c. Chlorine 35 b. Chlorine 18 d. Chlorine 1 2. If an atom contains 3 protons, 4 neutrons and 3 electrons, what is its atomic mass? a. 11 b. 6 c. 7 d. 3 Atoms Protons Neutrons Great Summaries: http://www.wyzant.com/Help/Science/Chemistry/Bonds/ http://www.biology.arizona.edu/biochemistry/tutorials/chemistry/page1.html 4 Elements found in Living Things CHON 21 other Trace Elements Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen and Nitrogen Diagram an Atom ________________________________ • P • E • N P= N= Electron Orbitals shell1=2e shell2=8e shell3=18e Valence Number Isotopes Have the same number of protons, but different number of neutrons Important for medical diagnosis and treatment: • Cancer can be treated with radiation from a radioactive isotope of cobalt (Co). • Be using radioactive iodine, the function of the thyroid gland can be measured Isomere Compounds with the same formula but different three-dimensional arrangement of the atoms, resulting in the molecules having different chemical properties. Same simple structure, but different threedimensional structures. Carbon is special Carbon has a valence number of 4, so to become stable, Carbon atoms form four covalent bonds. Carbon can bond in 4 places. Unique because it can for straight chains, branched chains, or rings It can bond to itself or other atoms. It can for single, double or triple covalent bonds. 4 Classes of Macromolecules • • • • polysaccharides or carbohydrates triglycerides or lipids polypeptides or proteins nucleic acids such as DNA & RNA Carbohydrate (CHO) Function: used by cells to store and release energy Composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen Foods considered carbohydrates: mostly grains and white potatoes. Also found in fruits and vegetables. Types: monosaccharides (isomers: fructose and glucose), disaccharides (sucrose or table sugar), polysaccharides (starch, cellulose, glycogen) Lipids / Triglycerides (CHO) Commonly called fats and oils saturated, unsaturated and transfats Insoluble in water because molecules are nonpolar Consist of Carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen (less Oxygen than in Carbohydrates) Function: Major components of membranes surrounding all living cells, long term energy storage, insulation and protective coatings Most Common Lipid • 3 fatty acids bonded to a molecule of glycerol Proteins (CHON) Large, complex polymers essential to all life because they build structure and carry out cell metabolism Composed of amino acids made of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen and sometimes sulfur There are 20 amino acids. The order amino acids are arranged determines the type of protein Important for muscle contraction, transporting oxygen in the bloodstream, and providing immunity Types: Complete and Incomplete Proteins Foods considered Proteins: Meat and Dairy (complete) and Beans (Incomplete) • Proteins are formed by the joining of amino acids. • Amino acids are linked together by condensation, the removal of an –H and –OH group to form a water molecule. The covalent bond formed between amino acids is called a peptide bond • Many proteins consist of two or more amino acid chains that are held together by hydrogen bonds. Watch an Animation to Learn How Enzymes Work Source: McGraw Hill Enzyme • An important type of protein that speeds up a chemical reaction. • It allows reactions to happen in environments that would not normally result in a timely reaction • Involved in almost all metabolic processes • Can be used over and over again • Changes in temperature, pH or pressure may cause the enzyme to undergo denaturation Nucleic Acid (CHON-P) • Organic compound necessary for life (DNA and RNA) • Stores information in cells in the form of a code. • Made of small subunits called nucleotides • Consists of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and phosphorus atoms arranged in three groups – A base, a simple sugar and a phosphate group Types of Nucleic Acids • DNA: deoxyribonucleic acid – It is a master copy of an organism’s information code. – Forms the genetic code. – Is copied every time a cell divides and is passed to the next generation. • RNA: ribonucleic acid – Forms a copy of DNA for use in protein synthesis. Nitrogenous Bases • DNA: A, T, C, G – adenine, thymine, cytosine, and guanine • RNA: A, U, C, G – adenine, uracil, cytosine, and guanine – Purines (double ring bases): adenine and guanine – Pyrimidines (single ring bases): thymine, cytosine, uracil Ionic Bonds • A bond in which one atom gives up an electron to another atom • Example: NaCl Na+Cl- • Na had a valence number of 1 • Cl had a valence number of 7 • Now, Na has valence number of 0 • Now Cl has valence number of 8 Ionic Bond Ion • A charged atom Octet Rule • Atoms seek stability • Atoms want the valence shell to be complete with 8 electrons • HYDROGEN, only has 1 electron, it is stable with 2 valence electrons. Ionic Bonds – Atoms from opposite sides of the periodic table bond. Covalent Bonds • Atoms bond by sharing electrons. • The bond may be represented by a line • Single, double or triple bonds may exist Covalent Bond Water H2O • 2 atoms of Hydrogen • 1 atom of Oxygen • Form a polar covalent bond Hydrogen bonds Attractive interaction of a hydrogen atom with an electronegative Atom. Hydrogen bonds only form between hydrogen and oxygen (O), nitrogen (N) or fluorine (F) The Importance of Water pH Coming soon……