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BIOMOLECULES Biology Fall 2009 DESK-OMERS Please We stand around your desks. will have a DMA after the demonstration. POLYMERS Poly-mer means “many units.” Polymers are large molecules formed of smaller repeating molecules. They often form long chains, just like your desks. MONOMERS Monomers are small molecules that chain together to form polymers. Each individual desk was like a monomer in the larger Desk-omer. There can be anywhere from 3 to thousands of monomers in a single polymer and these small units dictate the shape of the overall polymer. “ORGANIC” Polymer and their monomers are considered organic molecules. Organic refers to a chain of carbon atoms linked together by Covalent bonds- the sharing of electrons. Biomolecules are organic because of their carbon chains, but not all organic molecules are biomolecules. BIOMOLECULE TYPES There are four distinct types of biomolecule polymers: Carbohydrates: Storage and cellular support Lipids: also known as fats; storage and cell membranes Proteins: Pick a function, any function, proteins will be involved somewhere Nucleic Acids: These molecules contain the information that allows a cell to function EXAMPLES Carbohydrates Polymer: Starch Monomer: Glucose Lipids Polymer: Phospholipid Monomer: Fatty acids and Glycerol Proteins Polymer: Pepsin Enzyme Monomer: Amino Acids (e.g. Methionine) Nucleic Acids Polymer: Chromosome Monomer: Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA) OTHER POLYMERS DON’T WRITE THIS DOWN Plastics are the most common polymer outside of biomolecules. Plastics are manufactured, with the exception of natural rubber. Just like biomolecules, plastics are composed of monomers such as styrene, ethylene and isoprene. VIDEO This doesn’t have to do strictly with polymers, but it is interesting. http://www.teachertube.com/viewVideo. php?video_id=64710&title=Polymer_Ban k_Notes___How_they_are_made QUIZ Please put everything away except something to write with. CARBOHYDRATES Monomer: Small sugars, usually glucose or something very close. : CXHYOZ Formula DISACCHARIDES “Di” means 2. And Saccharide is a sugar. Sugar that we put in baked products is actually a disaccharide called Sucrose. Sucrose is the combination of Glucose and another single sugar called Fructose (Fruit sugars). Lactose, the sugar in milk is also a disaccharide. Single sugars are also called monosaccharides. STARCH Primarily in plants, but also used in animals for storage. STARCH Starch is a storage molecule, unused sugar monomers are assembled and kept until the sugar is needed. Structure is related to function, branching helps to save space. CELLULOSE Cellulose makes up most of the hard structures in plants. It’s the reason cell walls don’t bend and trees are able to stay in the air. CELLULOSE Like starch, Cellulose has a structure closely related to its function. Cellulose doesn’t branch at all, it relies on the straight chain of monomers and the alternating of protruding OH groups to maintain strength in tight bundles. GLUCOSE BUILDING ACTIVITY To get an idea of the complexity of biomolecules, we’re going to assemble glucose molecules in table groups. Please have one person grab a molecule kit for each table. GLUCOSE MOLECULE ACTIVITY You’ll need: 6 Carbons [Black] 12 Hydrogens [Yellow] 6 Oxygens [Red] GLUCOSE JUST THINK As a class we’ve put together less than 20 glucose molecules and there can be hundreds of small monomers in starch and cellulose. LIPIDS Fats and Oils, easily the oddest of the biomolecules. Unlike the carbohydrates, Lipids don’t make chains of monomers. LIPIDS Monomers: Formula: Glycerol and Fatty Acids. CXHYOZ (For the most part) Just like Carbohydrates, the formula consists of only CHO, but there are always more than 2 times as many H as O. Example: C6H12O6 vs C6H18O6 TRIGLYCERIDES The most common form of Lipids in animals, this is the form excess calories take once the body has converted them to storage. Excess levels in the blood can lead to Heart Disease and can be an indicator of problems to come. PHOSPHOLIPIDS This is the lipid that we will deal with the most in chemistry. It has all the parts of a normal lipid, but has a “head” region with a phosphate group that makes the molecule polar. PHOSPHOLIPIDS Phospholipids make up nearly all cell membranes, the phosphate “heads” face outward, while the non-polar tails face inwards. PROTEINS Monomers: Amino Acids, 20 molecules of various sizes. Formula: The CHON and maybe S structure of every protein depends upon the make-up of amino acids and how they react to each other and the environment. PROTEINS PROTEINS Proteins are found everywhere. Proteins make up our hair, skin, nails, organs and muscles. The enzymes that carry out the processes in our cells are all proteins. Proteins carry out almost every action in both plants and animals. AMINO ACIDS There are 20 different amino acids. They are assembled via instructions encoded in our DNA and can form chains thousands of amino acids long. The structure of every amino acid varies and those differences contribute to the shape of the overall protein. ESSENTIAL AMINO ACIDS 8 out of the 20 amino acids cannot be made by human cells. This means they have to be taken in as part of the diet. Methionine, Leucine, Lysine, Isoleucine, Tryptophan, Threonine, and Valine are all found in meats, eggs and milk. Vegetarians must be careful to eat a combination of protein sources (Such as Soy, Sesame and Wheat). NUCLEIC ACIDS Monomers: Nucleotides [Adenine, Guanine, Cytosine, Thymine & Uracil] Formula: CHONP Nucleotides are linked in pairs (in DNA) and form a twisted ladder-like formation known commonly as “double helix.” THE DOUBLE HELIX This is an artist’s representation of the DNA “double helix.” The only inaccuracy is that it should twist slightly more. DNA twists every 10 nucleotide pairs, not every 15. THE BLUEPRINTS DNA nucleotides encode all the information for creating our cells. These nucleotides form, when read in a particular direction, a sequence that stands for the individual amino acids in a protein. ANATOMY OF A NUCLEOTIDE Each nucleotide has 3 parts to it. The phosphate group and sugar form what is considered the “backbone” and is part of all nucleotides. The “nitrogenous base” can be any of 4 different structures and makes up our genetic Information. DNA VS RNA This is something we’ll go over in more detail when we talk about genetics. RNA is a nucleic acid just like DNA. The only difference is the sugar molecule in the backbone is slightly altered and it uses one nitrogenous base that DNA doesn’t. Analogy: If DNA is the Post Office, RNA are mailmen carrying the message to where it needs to go. ENERGY CARRYING MOLECULE AMP, ADP, and ATP: These are the “batteries” for cell activities. The M, D, and T represent the number of phosphates in the molecules. BIOMOLECULE CARD ACTIVITY Please take out a new piece of paper, and make a 4x5 grid Biomolecule Type Name or example of Monomer Carbohydrate Simple Sugar (Macromolecule) Lipid Protein Nucleic Acid Picture of monomer Made of / functions, and examples CHO, Energy Disaccharide Starch BIOMOLECULE CARD ACTIVITY Each group will be given a set of cards. When arranged correctly they should form a sort of grid or table matching the biomolecule types with examples, monomers, structures, etc. Using your notes, table groups will try to put the cards in the right order. Raise your hands when you think you’ve got it right, once you have it checked off you need to write it down as a table on that fresh piece of paper. ACIDS AND BASES Take out a piece of paper and fold it in three sections Like this Know Top Want Learn Bottom ACIDS Acid comes from the Latin word for sour. Just about anything sour you can think of is an acid or has an acid in it. Acids are chemicals that release positive Hydrogen ions The most common acid we’ll look at is Hydrocloric Acid or HCl When in water HCl splits into H+ and Cl- BASES Bases are a little more complicated. Bases are chemicals that steal Hydrogen Ions. NaOH is the most common base that we’ll talk about. In water it splits into Na+ and OH- , the OH- can bond with an H+ ion to become a water molecule. This is why we pour baking soda(a base) on acid spills. PH SCALE This is a “user –friendly” way of rating acids and bases in terms of strength. Most often the scale is represented from 114. 7 represents a neutral solution like pure water. Anything less than 7 is considered acidic (the closer to one the stronger). Anything greater than 7 is considered basic (the closer to 14 the stronger). The scale is a logarithm for concentration, pH 7 = 1x 10-7 moles/Liter H+. Obviously we like pH 7 better. EXAMPLE PH SCALE 1 Stomach Acid 11 Ammonia 2 Lemon Juice, Vinegar 12 Soapy Water 3 Orange Juice, Soda 13 Bleach 4 Tomato Juice, Acid Rain 14 Drano 5 Coffee 6 Urine/Milk 7 Pure Water 8 Sea Water/ Eggs 9 Baking Soda 10 Milk of Magnesia THE “TEN RULE” Every step in the pH scale is 10 times more or less acidic than the next. Lemon Juice is 10 times as acidic as Orange Juice Sea water is 10 times less acidic (or more basic) than pure water OOOOH BURN! Acids don’t burn you the way a match or a hot surface will. An “acid burn” isn’t really a burn at all. It just happens to look like a heat burn. The acid chemicals actually react with your skin, in some cases pulling bonds in your skin apart. In some cases pulling an OH out of a compound. Sometimes it isn’t even the H+ of the acid. Even though an acid burn isn’t technically a “burn” they still hurt and should be washed immediately and treated like one.