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Digestive Tract:
•Know the basic components:
•Mouth, teeth, tongue, pharynx, epiglottis etc including medical
terms
•Esophagus, cardiac sphincter, stomach (including fundus, body
and antrum and pyloric sphincter)
•Small intestine (know the three parts) this is where nutrients
are absorbed.
•Pancreas is an accessory digestive gland. Know what exocrine
and endocrine mean
•Cecum, this is where the small and large intestine meet
•Large intestine. Water regulation and waste receptacle.
•Liver, this is where nutrients go to be converted into useable
energy
•rectum, and anus,
Companion Animal
Clinical Nutrition
J. Melendez/2008
Medical Terminology
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Nutrition
Nutrient
Clinical Nutrition
Digestible
Bioavailable
Depolymerize
Energy
Gluconeogenesis
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Cognitive
Obesity
Soluble
Antioxidant
Monosaccharide
Catabolism
Anabolism
Nutrition
• Nutrition is the science of the interaction of
a nutrient with some part of a living
organism to promote some kind of optimal
performance and or function.
• It is the mechanical and chemical processes
of digestion and absorption of ingested
nutrients.
Terminology
• Nutrient: Is any constituent of food that is ingested
to support life.
• Clinical Nutrition: is the application of nutrition
pertaining to actual observations and treatment of
patients.
• Digestible: the proportion of nutrients available
for absorption from the gastro-intestinal tract.
• Bioavailable: the amount of a nutrient absorbed
from the GI into the bloodstream in a form that the
body can use.
What does this mean to you?
• It is your responsibility as
veterinary technicians to educate
clients about proper nutrition,
frequency of feedings, what brands
of food are better than others, and
discussing weight management
regimens.
Nutritional Research
• Has greatly enhanced our understanding of
what companion animals require in a
balanced diet.
• Commercial diets are now formulated to
help prevent nutritional deficiencies, boost
the immune system, improve cognitive
health, and help slow the aging process.
Nutritional Support
• In times of illness and injury, nutritional
support is of great importance as the animal
will be dependent upon you for it’s
nutritional intake.
• Failure to recognize or address a patient’s
metabolic needs may have negative
consequences and may adversely affect
patient outcome.
Overview of Nutritional Objectives
and Principals
• Our overall goal for companion animals is to maximize
the length and quality of the animal’s life by reducing
nutritional risk factors. We do this by feeding the proper
food for each life stage requirement of the animal.
• Whereas in food animals, our main goal is
to encourage weight gain rapidly and not
necessarily focus on longevity.
Requirements for Maintenance
• Nutrients that prevent any loss or gain in
body weight. These balanced nutrients
provide the following:
1) Heat to maintain body temperature
2) Energy for internal work (heart rate and
respiration)
3) Energy for minimal movement
4) Energy/nutrients for repair of body
tissues
Influences on Maintenance
Requirements
• There are numerous influences on
maintenance requirements. These influences
are broken down into two categories:
»External Factors
»Internal Factors
External Factors
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Activity
Weather
Health
Stress
Internal Factors
• Body size: small toy breeds required a
lower daily requirement than giant breeds
• Age: young animals consume more per unit
of body weight and utilize nutrients more
efficiently. Young animals require more
vitamins, minerals, protein and energy and
are more susceptible to nutritional
deficiencies.
Continue:
Internal Factors
• Temperament: nervous, active breeds have
higher nutritional requirement.
• Productivity: the “couch potato” requires
less than the working dog.
• Lactation: the animal’s requirements do
not increase until late gestation (gestation
lasts 59-63 days) animals should be fed
maintenance levels during the first part of
gestation. This will prevent un-required
weight gain which can predispose them to
dystocias (difficult to impossible deliveries)
or musculoskeletal problems.
Species also plays a role
These are the Six basic
classes of nutrients that
are important for life
sustenance.
Producing
components
Non-energy
producing
Energy Producing nutrients
• Carbohydrates: broken down into
simple sugars
• Fats: broken down into triglycerides
• Protein: broken down into amino
acids
Non-Energy Producing Nutrients
• Water
• Vitamins
• Minerals