Download Organic Chemistry - Ms. Chambers' Biology

Carbon compounds
Biochemistry
 A crossover field of chemistry
 Biochemists have to understand both the living world
and the chemical world
 Every living thing uses the same basic chemical
compounds to live their lives.
 We are talking smaller than cells...
Carbon based molecules are basis of life!
 Why Carbon?
 Carbon has 4 valence shell electrons
6
C
Carbon
12.011
Why is that important?
 Each of carbon's valence
shell electrons can bond
with another atom
 And carbon can even
bond with itself
 Carbon can form rings,
chains, and other shapes
of atoms
Carbon literally forms the
backbone of biology!
 NO LIFE has been observed that is not carbon based.
 Carbon atoms love to bond, and accordingly, very
LONG and COMPLEX molecules can result from that
bonding!
Warmup 9/20
 What do the following prefixes mean?
 Macro Micro Poly Mono-
Play-doh
Macromolecules“giant molecules”
 Formed by polymerization
 When large compounds are built by joining smaller
molecules together (legos)
Carbohydrates
Lipids
There are
FOUR groups
of Macromolecules
Nucleic Acids
Proteins
Carbohydrates
 Have CHO carbon, hydrogen and oxygen atoms
 In a 1:2:1 ratio
 Main source of energy for living things
 Examples:
 Sugars- (monosaccharides –not all)

Glucose (C6H12O6 )
 Starches (polysaccharides)

Glycogen, cellulose
Sugars: Short-chain carbs
 Monosaccharides- monomers:
mono= “single” meros (Gk) = part
 Examples:
 glucose
 fructose
 galactose
 “-ose” denotes sugars
The following are considered “simple sugars”- monosaccharides:
Sucrose
 If you add two monosaccharides you get a Disacchiride
 mono (1)+ mono (1)  di (2)
 Glucose + fructose  sucrose
Starches: Long-chain carbs
 Polysaccharides- polymers:
poly= “many” meros (Gk) = part
 Examples:
 Plant starches
 cornstarch
 Glycogen
Monomers attach to each other to form
polymers!
Starch
Glucose
Figure 2-13A Starch
Lipids
 Contain carbon and hydrogen atoms
 Usually fats, oils, and waxes
 Used to store energy or build membranes
Nucleic acids
 Contain hydrogen,
oxygen, nitrogen, carbon
and phosphorus
 Transmit heredity
(genetic information)
 DNA (deoxyribonucleic
acid) and RNA
 Monomer: nucleotide
Proteins
 Contain N, O, C, H,
 Made of monomers
(smaller molecules)
called amino acids
 Control rate of reactions,
regulate cell processes,
form tissues, transport
substances, fight disease.
Section 2-3
Protein Structure
Amino
acids
Figure 2-17 A Protein
One type of protein… enzymes
 http://highered.mcgrawhill.com/sites/0072495855/student_view0/chapter2/a
nimation__how_enzymes_work.html
Homework
 Set up Enzyme Lab in your lab book.
 Be ready to go tomorrow!
Chemical Testing
 We can test for the
presence of these
compounds in food by
using CHEMICAL
REAGENTS. These
chemical reagents are
chemicals that react in a
particular way in the
presence of these
nutrients.
 Carbs: sugars, starches
 Proteins
 Lipids
In your notes…
Nutrient
Observations
Reagent/Test
Simple Sugar
(monosaccharide)
Carbohydrates
Starch
(polysaccharide)
Lipids
Proteins
Positive
Negative
Testing for Starch
(polysaccharide)
 Which sample is
negative for
starch?
 Which one is
positive for
starch?
Testing for Sugar
(monosaccharide):
 Which sample is
positive for starch?
 Which sample is
positive for sugar?
 Which sample is
positive for a
monosaccharide?
Testing for Proteins:
 Which sample
shows a
presence of
amino acid
chains?
 Which sample
shows a
presence of a
polymer?
Testing for Lipids:
 Brown bag test