Download Ergogenic Aids

Ergogenic Aids
Ergogenic Aids
• Any substance, man made or natural, that
will artificially enhance performance by
increasing strength, endurance, etc
• Who uses ergogenic aids?
• Placebo effects?
• Ethical issues?
Anabolic Steroids
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Schedule III of Controlled Substances Act
Usage began in the 1940’s
Synthetic substance developed in 1953
IOC banned steroids in late 1960’s
IOC instituted testing at 1976 Summer
Olympics
• 21 FB players banned from bowl games in
1987
• Recent increase in usage
Effects of Anabolic Steroids
• Mimics Testosterone
• Androgenic Effects
– male sex characteristics
– want to limit these effects
• Anabolic Effects
– increase protein & creatine phosphate synthesis
– increase muscle mass
– increase aggressiveness
**increase oxygen carrying capacity - not proven
Anabolic Steroids - Sources
• Prescription
– anemia, replacement therapy, increase appetite,
abnormal protein synthesis
– NORMAL dose = 5-10 mg/day
• Veterinarian
• Black Market
Anabolic Steroids - Administration
• Oral – Dianabol, Android, Anadrol, Oxandrin
– EXCESSIVE dose = >25-50 mg/day (200 mg/day)
• Injection – Deca-Durabolin, DEPOTestosterone
– EXCESSIVE dose = >100-200 mg/week
• Programs
– stacking - use of oral & injectable
– pyramiding then usage
– cycling - on/off (6-12 wks)
Anabolic Steroids - Adverse
• Psychological
Effects
– “roid rage”
– mood swings,
depression, euphoria
– mania, recklessness
• Physical
– liver toxicity
– muscle cramps
– acne
– balding, increase hair
on body
– water retention
– heart abnormalities
– premature closure of
epiphyseal growth
plates
– alters fat metabolism
– women - masculine
Anabolic Steroids – More Adverse
Effects
• increase blood
pressure
• increase cholesterol
• increase risk of HA
• increase risk of liver
cancer
• body stops producing
testosterone
• tendon injuries
• illness due to
contaminated needles
• increase in number of
injuries?
Drug Testing
• Urine test
• Test 1 hr. after announcing test
• Masking agents – Benemid, Corticosteroids,
DHEA, other substances
• T/E Ratio
– also measure concentration of testosterone and
specific gravity
DHEA (Dehydroepiandrosterone)
• Natural steroid hormone produced in the
adrenal glands
– converted to testosterone – anabolic effects
• Medicinal uses – heart disease, obesity,
diabetes, amount in body decreases w/age
• Masking agent – normalizes T/E ratio
• Available as a supplement
Androstenedione
• Natural substance – produced in adrenal
glands
• Nutritional supplement
• Anabolic effects, increase energy, enhance
recovery
Human Growth Hormone
(Somatotropin)
• Hormone secreted from pituitary gland
• Effects
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stimulate protein synthesis
stimulate growth
increase muscle mass
increase strength of muscles, tendons, etc
Human Growth Hormone
• Adverse effects
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acromegaly - large hands & feet
abnormal shaped head
increase size of heart, liver, kidneys
increase cholesterol
• Alternative to steroids
– cheaper
– harder to detect
Beta Blockers
(Beta1 antagonists)
• Decrease activity in sympathetic N.S.
• Medical uses - hypertension, angina pectoris,
cardiac arrhythmias
• Reasons for abuse by athletes
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cardiac palpitations, decrease HR
muscle tremors
hyperventilation
anxiety, nervousness
Blood Doping
• Purpose - increase number of RBC to O2
carrying capacity
• Technique
– remove blood 5-6 wks. before event
– freeze RBC
– infuse RBC several days before event
Blood Doping
• Adverse effects
– difficult to train
– increase viscosity of blood
• Risks
– risk of blood clots, HA or stroke
– infection
– hepatitis
**Difficult to detect
• Eryrthropoietin(EPO) – human hormone
Nutritional Supplements
• Pharmaceutical vs. Nutraceutical
– vitamin, mineral, herb, amino acid, metabolite,
extract
• 1994 Dietary Supplement Health and
Education Act (DSHEA) – allowed
manufacturers to distribute products w/o a
prescription and outside FDA jurisdiction.
– can only make general health statements
Creatine
• Effects
– increase rate of creatine resynthesis during ex.
– recycles ATP
– prolongs onset of fatigue - decrease lactic acid
accumulation
– increase protein synthesis, increase muscle mass
• Adverse effects
– cramping, muscle strains
– kidney problems; long term effects unknown
– weight gain
Chromium
• Effects
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regulates carbohydrate supply
assists insulin - increase transport of glucose
increase energy
increase protein synthesis, increase muscle mass
decrease body fat????
– Is a trace element
– Be aware of liver toxicity
– Is not banned by IOC or NCAA
Bicarbonate Ingestion
• Counteracts buildup of lactic acid in
anaerobic events
• Dosage needed >300 mg/kg (>35 tablets)
• Adverse effects – diarrhea, electrolyte
imbalance
• Is not banned
Nutritional Supplements
• Pyruvate - decrease body fat ?????
• Ephedrine (Ma Huang) – increase weight
loss; many side effects
• Guarana
• Green Tea Leaf Extract
• Willow Bark
• L-Carnitine – burn fat faster
Nutritional Supplements
• Ginseng –increase power; affects energy
systems; often combined w/ ephedrine
• L-Glutamine – increase function of immune
system
• HMB – increase muscle mass; decrease fat