* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Download general_pharmacology
Discovery and development of proton pump inhibitors wikipedia , lookup
Pharmaceutical marketing wikipedia , lookup
Psychedelic therapy wikipedia , lookup
Specialty drugs in the United States wikipedia , lookup
Drug design wikipedia , lookup
Compounding wikipedia , lookup
Polysubstance dependence wikipedia , lookup
Tablet (pharmacy) wikipedia , lookup
Orphan drug wikipedia , lookup
Pharmacokinetics wikipedia , lookup
Drug discovery wikipedia , lookup
Pharmacogenomics wikipedia , lookup
Neuropharmacology wikipedia , lookup
Pharmaceutical industry wikipedia , lookup
Neuropsychopharmacology wikipedia , lookup
Pharmacognosy wikipedia , lookup
Prescription costs wikipedia , lookup
GENERAL PHARMACOLOGY Prepared by Prof. Abdulkader.H.El Daibani General pharmacology Pharmacology is the science of drugs and deals with pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of drugs. General pharmacology Pharmacokinetics: Affects of cellular components on drugs and include: absorption, distribution ,metabolism (Bioavailability) and excretion (ADME) of drugs and also deals with pharmacokinetics parameter and mathematical relationship. Pharmacodynamics: Deals with the affects of drugs on cellular components and include: mechanism of action e.g. interaction with receptors, response ,side effects ,adverse effects and toxicity. General pharmacology A drug: is any substance which alters body functions and used in prophylaxis , or diagnosis or treatment of disease. Drug nomenclature: Chemical name: Acetyl salicylic acid. Generic name: Aspirin. Trade name: Aspro,Dispril. General pharmacology Source of drugs: Plants: Atropine,digoxin, ephedrine ,morphine ,reserpine. Mineral: Iron, calcium. Animal: insulin Microorganism: penicillin, streptomycin Synthetic: aspirin, sulfonamide. Semisynthetic: Ampicillin Genetic engineering: using recombinant DNAtechnology e.g. humman insulin, Erythropoietin ,growth hormone Dosage forms of drugs A dosage form of a drug is the form in which the drug is administered to the patient. It may be classified according to the route of administration. Dosage forms of drugs I) Dosage forms given orally: A) Lipid preparation These are solutions of drugs in either aqueous or alcoholic vehicles as the following: Aqueous preparation Aromatic water, Syrups, Emulsion and Infusion. Alcoholic preparation Elixirs, Spirits (Essences) and Tinctures Dosage forms of drugs 1) aqueous preparation: Aromatic water (Aqua): They are saturated aqueous solutions of volatile oils or substances in distilled water e.g. aqua peppermint or peppermint water. They are mainly used as vehicle for dissolving water soluble substances in order to improve their aroma and flavor. Syrups: they are concentrated aqueous solutions of sugar containing flavoring, coloring or therapeutically active substances. Also they are used as vehicles for water soluble drugs and cough mixtures. Dosage forms of drugs Suspensions: it mixture of small water insoluble solid drug particles dispersed in water using suspending agent e.g. gums. Emulsion: it is a milky solution with better taste and odour. It is intimate mixture of two immiscible liquids using third substance (emulsifying agent) e.g. oils suspended in water by gums acacia, which increases the viscosity of the medium (cod liver oil emulsion). Dosage forms of drugs 2)Alcoholic preparation: Elixirs: These are sweetened and flavored hydroalcoholic solutions that contain varying amounts of alcohol. Elixirs may be either non-medicated to be use only as vehicle (e.g. bitter orange elixir) or medicated, when they include specific drugs (e.g. barbital elixir). Dosage forms of drugs Spirits (Essences): They are volatile oils dissolved in alcohol e.g. spirit of aromatic ammonia, peppermint spirit, and lemon spirit. Dosage forms of drugs Spirits (Essences): they are volatile oils dissolved in alcohol e.g. spirit of aromatic ammonia, peppermint spirit, and lemon spirit. Tincture: they are alcoholic solutions of non-volatile substances (vegetables). The concentration of drug may up to 10% in case of potent drug e.g. belladonna, and up to 20% in non- potent drug. Dosage forms of drugs B) Solid preparations: They are include tablets, capsules, powders, and sustained release tablet or capsules. Dosage forms of drugs Tablets: They are prepared by compressing the drug in granular form. Tablets may be coated with gelatin , sugar, and chocolate. If they produce gastric irritation, they can be enteric coated. Enteric coated tablets: These are tablets coated with substances, which resist dissolution in the acid juice of the stomach but it dissolve in alkaline juice of intestine. Dosage forms of drugs Capsules : They are shells (containers) of gelatin used for containing individual doses of drugs. they provide accurate medication of drugs in a tasteless form. Capsules may be: Hard capsules contain powder drugs. Soft or flexible capsules contain liquid. Enteric capsules dissolve only in intestine. Dosage forms of drugs Powders: Powder form of drugs may be dispensed in small paper packets or in bulk. It may be formulated in the form of effervescent granules when they mixed with sodium bicarbonate and citric acid e.g. K citrate,Mg sulphate. Sustained release (time release) tablet or capsules: These are long acting oral preparations. They are formed of groups of drug particles each is coated with special envelope that dissolve at different dissolution rates to give a long acting effect e.g. antihistamines. Dosage forms of drugs II)DOSAGE FORMS GIVEN RECTALLY OR VAGINALLY: Drugs may be given rectally in one of the following dosage forms Suppositories: They are solid preparations intended for insertion into the rectum. They contain the drug in waxy or fatty medium that liquefies or librates the drug after insertion into the rectum or the vagina. They melt at body temperature. Allowing the ingredients to be released and exert their medicinal action. Suppositories are also available for insertion into the vagina (celled pessaries, ovules or tablets) or urethra (bougies). Dosage forms of drugs Enema: It can be applied into the rectum either for therapeutic purpose to evacuate faeces (evacuation or cleansing) and to introduce drugs for absorption by rectal mucosa (retention enema) or for diagnosis purpose by using barium dye with Xray in lower gastrointestinal tract (called barium enema). Dosage forms of drugs III) DOSAGE FORMS GIVEN PARENTALLY: Preparation or solution for injection should be sterile, triple distilled and pyrogen free (pyrogen: are bacterial products which cause a rise in body and rigors when injected). The glass container should be neutral as not react with drug. The contents are usually liquid but may be in powder form to dissolve immediately before use. They may be dispensed in (ampulse) containing single doses of drugs, or vials which are rubber capped bottles containing a number of doses. Dosage forms of drugs IV) Preparation for respiratory passages: Drug may be introduce though the respiratory in one of the following forms: Gases: Oxygen and cyclopropane ( a general anesthesia) can be administered through especial devices. Vapours: volatile liquids. e.g. diethyl ether ( as general anesthesia) and amyl nitrite (as coronary vasodilator) inhaled to produce their desired effect. Steam inhalation: The drug may be vaporized by means of staem and then inhaled e.g. benzoion inhalation. Dosage forms of drugs Aerosols: the drug is released into the respiratory passages in the form of a fine mist of liquid droplets. Depending on the size of the droplets the drug may remain in the upper tract or travel down to the pulmonary system. The drug e.g. disodium cromoglycate (Intal), may also available a finely divided micronized particles in capsules. The capsules are punctured by special inhaling device, e.g.Spinhaler and the fine particles are inspired. Dosage forms of drugs V) PREPARATION INTENDED FOR EXTERNAL USE (TOPICAL APPLICATION): They are applied on the surface of skin or mucous membrane. Ointments: These are semisolid preparations that may be applied to the skin or mucous membranes. The ointment base incorporates the drug which is usually intended to act locally. Some ointment bases, however, allow for some drug absorption to take place. Dosage forms of drugs Liniments: these are preparation of various substances in an oily, soapy or alcoholic vehicle in tended to be applied to the skin by rubbing. Liniments are usually used for their counter-irritant effects, e.g. camphor liniment. Lotion: these are aqueous suspensions intended for application to the skin without rubbing e.g. calamine lotion, and benzyl benzoate lotion. Dosage forms of drugs Lozenges: These are table-like formulation that are intended for slow dissolution in the mouth. They are used principally for continuous application of drugs to the mucous membrane of the mouth and throat. Mouth washed and gargle: These dosage forms are used foe local action of drugs on the mucous membrane of the mouth (called mouth wash) and throat (called gargle). Dosage forms of drugs Ophthalmic solution: these are aqueous solutions of the drugs to be used in the eye either in the form of drops eye drops) or as wash (lotion). Ear and nose drop: Used to produce a local effect in the ear or nose. Dosage forms of drugs Powder: Some powders are applied to skin for protective purposes mainly, and are termed dusting powder, e.g. talcum powder. Vaginal douches: These are aqueous solutions, which usually have cleansing or antiseptic properties. They are available as powders or tablets to be dissolved in a given amount of warm water.