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Correctional Service of Canada Overview of CSC, Offender Profile and Substance Abuse Issues Presentation to Caribbean CICAD members St. Lucia November, 2004 Topics Context: • Crime statistics in Canada • Overview of corrections in Canada • The role, mission and structure of the Correctional Service of Canada • Substance Abuse and Offenders – Scope of the problem • Comparisons with the general Canadian population The Correctional Service of Canada’s Drug Strategy Response: -Prevention -Demand Reduction -Supply Reduction -Harm Reduction -Research/Monitoring/Evaluation 2 Crime Statistics in Canada • 31,825,416 Canadians in 2004 • 10.6% have criminal records • Of those who are given prison sentences: 96% receive a provincial sentence 4% receive a federal sentence 3 Correctional Service of Canada Legislative Framework • Constitution • Charter of Rights • Criminal Code (sentencing) • Corrections and Conditional Release Act 4 Correctional Service of Canada Mission Statement and Areas of Responsibility CSC’s Mission: The Correctional Service of Canada, as part of the criminal justice system and respecting the rule of law, contributes to the protection of society by actively encouraging and assisting offenders to become law abiding citizens, while exercising reasonable, safe, secure and humane control. CSC administers the sentences of offenders given a sentence of 2 years or more The individual provinces in Canada administer the sentences of offenders imprisoned for less than two years and the sentences of young offenders (14-17 years of age) 5 Federal Corrections (CSC): Overview What we do: • Incarcerate offenders who receive a 2 year sentence or longer following sentencing • Assist in the rehabilitation of offenders and their reintegration into the community as law-abiding citizens • Make recommendations to the National Parole Board (NPB) • Supervise offenders upon release until end of their sentence 6 Federal Corrections (CSC): Overview What we don’t do: • Lay criminal charges • Determine guilt or innocence • Determine length of sentence • Grant parole of offenders • Set parole eligibility dates • Supervise sentences of young offenders 7 Regional Structure CSC is divided into 5 administrative regions with its National Headquarters located in the capital, Ottawa. It should be noted that the size of our country has influenced the development and management approach we take to administer programs. 8 Budget and Employees 2002-03 Budget: $1.5 billion of which: 60% for salaries 30% for operating costs and maintenance 10% for capital costs Number of employees: 16,185 9 Correctional Service of Canada Institutions and Community Corrections 53 federal penitentiaries: • • • • • 17 minimum security 18 medium security 7 maximum security 5 regional mental health facilities 1 healing lodge and 5 multi-level facilities for women offenders Community: • 19 district offices which oversee 71 parole offices • 175 community-based residential facilities • 17 Community Correctional Centres 10 Correctional Service of Canada Rated Capacity (April 1, 2003) MEN: 13,375 beds; currently at 97% OF CAPACITY WOMEN: 514 beds; currently at 73% OF CAPACITY Cost of Incarceration: MEN: maximum security: $108,277 medium security: $71,894 minimum security: $69,178 WOMEN: Regional Facilities : $155,589 Cost of Community Supervision: $18, 678 (Men & Women) 11 11 Correctional Service of Canada Day at a Glance On a typical day, there are approximately 12,300 offenders in institutions and 8,500 people supervised in the community. Federal offenders comprise of 40% of the total incarcerated population in Canada. The other 60% are incarcerated in provincial/territorial institutions either under sentence, remand or temporary detention. 568 offenders are housed in CSC’s treatment/psychiatric centres. Between 20 to 25 offenders are admitted. Between 20 to 25 offenders are released. 10 offenders reach Warrant Expiry Date. 5,300 individuals (e.g.. Visitors, staff, volunteers and contractors) enter and leave CSC’s institutions every day. 12 Offender Profile (Major Offence Categories) (Incarcerated Federal Population, December 31, 2002) Sex Offenders 19% Homicide 26% Robbery 34% Drug Offences 21% 13 Correctional Service of Canada Offender Profile (Incarcerated Population) • The average age is 37.5 (45.4% under 35) • 60% are serving their first penitentiary sentence • Average sentence is 4.7 years • 22% are serving life or indeterminate sentence • 16% are Aboriginal (native) • 6% are Black • 2% are Asian 14 • 56% are single Offender Profile Education Deficits - 70% of offenders test below grade 8 (CAAT) Employment Problems - 75% have unstable job histories. 69% are unemployed at arrest Decision Making Problems - 80% are poor problem solvers. Many have difficulties managing money Mental Health Problems - 20% have been hospitalized in a mental health facility. 11% have a current psychiatric diagnosis 15 Offender Substance Abuse Scope of the Problem Close to 80% of inmates have a substance abuse problem that requires intervention (alcohol, other drugs or both) Strong relationship between substance use and crime - Over 50% of offenders report being intoxicated while committing their current offence Relationship increases with severity of the problem - for those with severe substance abuse problems 90% of criminal activity related to alcohol, drugs, or both 16 Facts about Substance Abuse in Canada One out of every 10 Canadians aged 15 and over (approximately 2.6 million people), reported symptoms consistent with alcohol or illicit drug dependence in the last year (Statistics Canada, 2003) The prevalence rate for substance dependence on alcohol and illicit drugs is much more common for men (4%) than for women (2%) (Statistics Canada, 2003) Cannabis continues to be the most frequently-used illicit drug among male and female adults. (Canadian Community Epidemiology Network on Drug Use, 2002) It is estimated that 40-50% of crimes can be attributed to alcohol and/or illicit drug use. (Canadian Centre on Substance Abuse, 2002) Alcohol dependent individuals are more likely to commit violent crimes than drug dependent individuals, whereas drug dependent individuals are more likely to commit gainful crimes 17 (i.e., property crimes). (Canadian Centre on Substance Abuse, 2002) Offender Substance Abuse • Data from CSC’s urinalysis program demonstrates that the most commonly used illicit substances among offenders are (in order of preference) are: THC Opiates Benzodiazepines 18 Challenges in a Correctional Environment Correctional facilities typically have the highest concentration of convicted drug traffickers and serious substance abuser in society living together High volume of daily movement presents challenges in terms of preventing the smuggling of contraband (including drugs) Preventing the spread of infectious diseases in a high-risk population 19 Infectious Diseases (2002) Federal Prisons vs. General Population in Canada* HIV HCV CSC Canada 1.9% (N=248) 24.6 (N=3241) 0.2% In CSC prisons, the prevalence of: HIV is 7 to 10 times higher Hepatitis C is 30 times higher than the general Canadian population 0.8% 20 CSC’s Drug Strategy Response CSC’s model is based on the “4 pillars” of the Canada Drug Strategy: • Prevention • Reducing supply through enforcement and control measures • Reducing demand through rehabilitation and treatment • Harm reduction strategies to reduce the negative consequences associated with drug use Research/Monitoring/Evaluation of all elements are key 21 CSC Drug Strategy Activities EDUCATION & PREVENTION Reception Awareness Program (infectious diseases and substance abuse in prison) Information pamphlets (substance abuse and infectious disease prevention in prison) Immunization programs (Hepatitis A & B) Voluntary infectious disease testing Anonymous infectious disease testing pilot program (Saskatechewan Penitentiary and Westmorland Institution) National Peer Education Counseling Program* TREATMENT INTERDICTION HARM REDUCTION Comprehensive assessment of substance abuse at reception Search and Seizure (institutional entry points; personal, cell, and facility searches) Access to bleach (for the cleaning of shared needles) Internationally accredited high, intermediate and low intensity substance abuse programs Specialized substance abuse programs for women and aboriginal offenders Detection (ion scanning technology, drug detection dogs, random urinalysis testing) Intelligence gathering (security intelligence) Methadone Maintenance Treatment * National Peer Education Counseling Program* Intensive Support Units Methadone Maintenance Treatment * *It should be noted that some activities are repeated in two categories because they play a dual role (e.g., education and harm reduction) 22 Questions and Comments 23