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Transcript
Hypnosis: Are YOU Susceptible? Hypnosis • Originated by Franz Mesmer in the 18th century, it is described as being in a trancelike state of heightened susceptibility to the suggestions of others • Applications – Controlling pain – Reducing smoking – Treating psychological disorders – Assisting law enforcement – Improving athletic performance • Frequently Asked Questions about Hypnosis Can anyone experience hypnosis? We are all open to suggestion. Can hypnosis enhance recall of forgotten events? No Can hypnosis force people to act against their will? It can’t make you do something you don’t want to Can hypnosis be therapeutic? Post hypnotic suggestions help alleviate headaches, asthma and stress related skin disorders. Can hypnosis relieve pain? Yes Dissociation involves the splitting of the emotion of pain from the sensation Hypnosis • Hypnosis is an altered state of heightened suggestibility • The hypnotic state is characterized by – Narrow and focused attention – Imagination and hallucinations – Passive receptive attitude – Reduced reaction to pain – Heightened suggestibility Hypnosis Terms • Posthypnotic Amnesia – supposed inability to recall what one experienced during hypnosis – induced by the hypnotist’s suggestion • Hypnotic Suggestibility – related to subject’s openness to suggestion – ability to focus attention inwardly – ability to become imaginatively absorbed Hypnosis • Orne & Evans (1965) – control group instructed to “pretend” – unhypnotized subjects performed the same acts as the hypnotized ones • Posthypnotic Suggestion – suggestion to be carried out after the subject is no longer hypnotized – used by some clinicians to control undesired symptoms and behaviors Hypnosis and Pain • Dissociation – a split in consciousness – allows some thoughts and behaviors to occur simultaneously with others • Hidden Observer – Hilgard’s term describing a hypnotized subject’s awareness of experiences, such as pain, that go unreported during hypnosis Hypnosis • About 10-20% of people don’t respond • Two basic theories: Social Influence Theory (extension of normal consciousness) vs. Divided Consciousness Theory The two theories Social Phenomenon •Social influence theory the hypnosis subject is caught up in playing a role: the more a subject trusts the hypnotist, the more they begin to feel and behave in ways appropriate for “good hypnotic subjects” -> going along with what hypnotist wants Divided consciousness •Hidden observer; Ernest Hilgard determined that a person has a split consciousness that involuntarily knows what is happening; dissociation •Distinctive brain activity does accompany hypnosis •Hypnotic pain relief may result from selective attention; PET scans do show reduced activity in pain processing centers of the brain, but not in the sensory cortex •Hypnosis is evidence of the two track mind concept -> in hypnosis, much like in life, our behaviour is mostly on “autopilot” mode Conclusions • Kihlstrom and McConkey believe the two competing theories can be combined. Brain activity, attention and social influence interact to produce the experience. • Age regression claims hypnotized children are not more genuinely childlike • hypnotic claims and memory: unpredictable Physical Dependence Psychological Dependence PRIMARY FOCUS: USING AND OBTAINING THE DRUG Drug Action on Neurons Dependence Big effect Drug effect • Tolerance – need for progressively larger doses to achieve same effect Response to first exposure After repeated exposure, more drug is needed to produce same effect Little effect Small • Withdrawal Large Drug dose – discomfort and distress with discontinued use • Caffeine Most frequently used psychoactive drug • Causes hand tremors, sweating, talkativeness, tinnitus, suppresses fatigue or sleepiness, increases alertness • Caffeinism: Physiological dependence on caffeine – Withdrawal: Insomnia, irritability, loss of appetite, chills, racing heart, elevated body temperature Nicotine • Natural stimulant found mainly in tobacco • May cause stomach pain, vomiting, diarrhea, confusion, tremors • Highly Addictive • Responsible for 97% of lung cancer deaths in men, 74% in women Alcohol & College • 90% of College Students drink, 75% every month • 50% had 5 or more drinks in a row in the past two weeks • College students drink more than youths who end their education at h.s. • American college students consume 4 billion cans of beer a year • D or F average = 10.6 drinks per week • A or B average = 3 drinks per week • 95% of violent crime on campus is alcohol-related • Students in Northeast drink more than those in the South or West • 73% of the assailants and 55% of the victims of rape had used alcohol or other drugs Psychoactive Drugs • Depressants – drugs that reduce neural activity – slow body function • alcohol, barbiturates, opiates • Stimulants – drugs that excite neural activity – speed up body function • caffeine, nicotine, amphetamines Psychoactive Drugs • Hallucinogens – psychedelic (mind-manifesting) drugs that distort perceptions and evoke sensory images in the absence of sensory input • LSD Psychoactive Drugs • Barbiturates – drugs that depress the activity of the central nervous system, reducing anxiety but impairing memory and judgement Psychoactive Drugs • Opiates – opium and its derivatives (morphine and heroin) – opiates depress neural activity, temporarily lessening pain and anxiety Psychoactive Drugs • Amphetamines – drugs that stimulate neural activity, causing accelerated body functions and associated energy and mood changes Psychoactive Drugs • LSD – lysergic acid diethylamide – a powerful hallucinogenic drug – also known as “acid” • THC – the major active ingredient in marijuana – triggers a variety of effects, including mild hallucinations Psychoactive Drugs Drug Type Pleasurable Effects Adverse Effects Alcohol Depressant Initial high followed by relaxation and disinhibition Depression, memory loss, organ damage, impaired reactions Heroin Depressant Rush of euphoria, relief from pain Depressed physiology, agonizing withdrawal Caffeine Stimulant Increased alertness and wakefulness Anxiety, restlessness, and insomnia in high doses; uncomfortable withdrawal Metham- Stimulant phetamine Euphoria, alertness, energy Irritability, insomnia, hypertension, seizures Cocaine Stimulant Rush of euphoria, confidence, energy Cardiovascular stress, suspiciousness, depressive crash Nicotine Stimulant Arousal and relaxation, sense of well-being Heart disease, cancer (from tars) Marijuana Mild Enhanced sensation, pain relief Lowered sex hormones, disrupted hallucinogen distortion of time, relaxation memory, lung damage from smoke Trends in Drug Use 80% High school seniors reporting drug use 70 60 Alcohol 50 40 Marijuana/ hashish 30 20 Cocaine 10 0 1975 ‘77 ‘79 ‘81 ‘83 ‘85 ‘87 ‘89 Year ‘91 ‘93 ‘95 ‘97 ‘99 Addictive Personality? Factors in Drug Use • Nature of the Drug: Intense and Fast? Crack over Cocaine • Painful Withdrawal Symptoms: Continued Use • Alcoholic Parent & other Genetic Factors: Some people experience the highs/lows more intensely. • Psychological Factors: Depression, low selfesteem, powerlessness, absence of values. • Social Factors: Environment that offers few opportunities or alternative pleasures (urban slums, prisons, war zones. • Social Norms: Ok to drink in the evening on Friday with friends but not on Monday night alone.