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CHAPTER
Invitation to Psychology, 5e  Carole Wade and Carol Tavris
Body Rhythms
and Mental States
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5
CHAPTER
Invitation to Psychology, 5e  Carole Wade and Carol Tavris
Understanding
biological rhythms
Consciousness
Awareness of oneself and the environment
Biological rhythms
Periodic, more or less regular fluctuations in a
biological system; may or may not have
psychological implications
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5
CHAPTER
Invitation to Psychology, 5e  Carole Wade and Carol Tavris
Endogenous biological
rhythms
Endogenous
Generated from within
Circadian rhythms
Once about every 24 hours
Example: the sleep-wake
cycle
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5
CHAPTER
Invitation to Psychology, 5e  Carole Wade and Carol Tavris
Circadian rhythms
5
•Occur in animals, plants, and people.
•Studied by isolating volunteers from time cues.
•Regulated by hypothalamus by regulating
melatonin, a hormone secreted by the pineal
gland
•Reset by light but not necessary
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CHAPTER
Invitation to Psychology, 5e  Carole Wade and Carol Tavris
Internal desynchronization
5
A state when biological rhythms are not in
phase with each other
•Circadian rhythms are influenced by changes
in routine.
Ex. Airplane flights across time zones, Adjusting
to new work shifts
•Affected by illness, stress, fatigue, excitement,
drugs, mealtimes, and daily experiences
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CHAPTER
Invitation to Psychology, 5e  Carole Wade and Carol Tavris
Moods and long-term
rhythms
5
Seasonal Affective Disorder (SAD)
A controversial disorder in which a person experiences
depression during the winter and an improvement of mood
in the spring
Treatment involves phototherapy or exposure to
fluorescent light. Antidepressants may be prescribed as
well.
Evaluating the frequency of and treatment for SAD is
difficult.
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CHAPTER
Invitation to Psychology, 5e  Carole Wade and Carol Tavris
Menstrual cycles and mood
5
•PMS and its more severe version Premenstrual
dysphoric disorder PMDD
•Physical symptoms are common
 Ex. Cramps, breast tenderness, and water retention
•Emotional symptoms are rare
Ex. Irritability and depression – However, fewer than 5% of women
have symptoms predictably.
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CHAPTER
Invitation to Psychology, 5e  Carole Wade and Carol Tavris
Why women
overestimate “PMS”
5
They notice depression or irritability when these
moods occur premenstrually but overlook times
when moods are absent premenstrually.
They attribute irritability before menstruation to
PMS and irritability at other times to other causes.
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CHAPTER
Invitation to Psychology, 5e  Carole Wade and Carol Tavris
Learning objectives:
The rhythms of sleep
5.5 – The stages of sleep
5.6 – How sleep gets disrupted and the
consequences that result
5.7 – The mental benefits of sleep
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5
CHAPTER
Invitation to Psychology, 5e  Carole Wade and Carol Tavris
Realms of sleep
Stage 1. Feel self drifting on the
edge of consciousness
Stage 2. Minor noises won’t disturb
you; sleep spindles occur
Stage 3. Breathing and pulse have
slowed down; delta waves occur
Stage 4. Deep sleep; most activity is
delta waves
REM. Increased eye movement, loss
of muscle tone, dreaming
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CHAPTER
Invitation to Psychology, 5e  Carole Wade and Carol Tavris
Why do we sleep?
The exact function of sleep is unclear,
but sleep appears to provide time for
the body to carry out important
functions.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
To eliminate waste products from muscles
To repair cells
To conserve and replenish energy stores
To strengthen the immune system
To recover abilities lost during the day
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CHAPTER
Invitation to Psychology, 5e  Carole Wade and Carol Tavris
Sleep disorders
Sleep deprivation leads to decreases in
physical and mental functioning.
• Sleep apnea – stop breathing during
sleep
– 1 in 25 people (mostly overweight men)
– Can repeat up to 400 times per night!
– Wake up snorting so partner often
complains of loud snoring
– Most don’t remember awakening
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CHAPTER
Invitation to Psychology, 5e  Carole Wade and Carol Tavris
5
• Night terrors – high arousal and
physiological symptoms of terror during
stage 4 sleep
- Heart rate and breathing rate double
• REM behavior disorder - A person acts out
their dreams because REM-related muscle
paralysis does not occur.
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Invitation to Psychology, 5e  Carole Wade and Carol Tavris
5
• Insomnia – problems falling or staying
asleep
– People with insomnia tend to overestimate
their lack of sleep
– Sleeping pills and alcohol reduce REM sleep
• Narcolepsy – uncontrollable sleep attacks
– 1 in 2000 people
– triggered by strong emotions
– lapse into REM sleep with accompany
muscular paralysis
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Invitation to Psychology, 5e  Carole Wade and Carol Tavris
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• Other interesting sleep disorders –
– Klein-Levin syndrome – sleep for days
– Sleep-wake disorders – bodies run on 26 or
27 hour clock; fall asleep later each night
– Hypnophobia – fear of going to sleep
– Hypnalgia – dream pain
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CHAPTER
Invitation to Psychology, 5e  Carole Wade and Carol Tavris
Why we sleep?
5
– Evolutionary psychology – sleep protects; better to be safe in
cave than vulnerable in dark
– Physiological psychology – sleep frees up energy to restore
body and brain and allow for growth
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CHAPTER
Invitation to Psychology, 5e  Carole Wade and Carol Tavris
What is your
experience?
Do you typically remember your
dreams?
A. Yes
B. No
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CHAPTER
Invitation to Psychology, 5e  Carole Wade and Carol Tavris
What is your
experience?
Have you ever died in a dream?
A. Yes
B. No
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CHAPTER
Invitation to Psychology, 5e  Carole Wade and Carol Tavris
What is your
experience?
Do you have a recurring dream?
A. Yes
B. No
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CHAPTER
Invitation to Psychology, 5e  Carole Wade and Carol Tavris
What is your
experience?
5
Have you ever dreamed about doing
something impossible (e.g., flying,
playing music even though you
can’t)?
A. Yes
B. No
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CHAPTER
Invitation to Psychology, 5e  Carole Wade and Carol Tavris
What is your
experience?
Have you ever had a dream in
which one person transformed
into another?
A. Yes
B. No
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CHAPTER
Invitation to Psychology, 5e  Carole Wade and Carol Tavris
What is your
experience?
Do your dreams often contain
inconsistencies?
A. Yes
B. No
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5
CHAPTER
Invitation to Psychology, 5e  Carole Wade and Carol Tavris
What is your
experience?
Have you ever dreamed about
being attacked or pursued?
A. Yes
B. No
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CHAPTER
Invitation to Psychology, 5e  Carole Wade and Carol Tavris
What is your
experience?
Have you ever dreamed about
acting violently or hurting another
person?
A. Yes
B. No
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5
CHAPTER
Invitation to Psychology, 5e  Carole Wade and Carol Tavris
What is your
experience?
Have you ever dreamed about
arriving too late for something
important?
A. Yes
B. No
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CHAPTER
Invitation to Psychology, 5e  Carole Wade and Carol Tavris
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Dreams as unconscious wishes
Freud concluded that dreams
might provide insight into desires,
motives, and conflicts of which we
are unaware.
Manifest content includes aspects
of the dream we consciously
experience. Latent content
includes unconscious wishes and
thoughts symbolized by the dream.
Not everything in dreams is
symbolic.
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CHAPTER
Invitation to Psychology, 5e  Carole Wade and Carol Tavris
Dreams as reflections of
current concerns
5
•Dreams may reflect ongoing conscious issues such
as concerns over relationships, work, sex, or health.
•Dreams are more likely to contain material related
to a person’s current concerns than chance would
predict.
•Dreams may provide an opportunity for us to
attempt to “solve” problems from our lives.
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CHAPTER
Invitation to Psychology, 5e  Carole Wade and Carol Tavris
Dreams as thinking
5
Dreaming is similar to the activity we engage in
when we are awake.
The difference is that the cerebral cortex is cut
off from external stimulation.
Predicts that if we were awake, but cut off from
external stimulation, our thoughts would have
the same hallucinatory quality we experience in
dreams!
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CHAPTER
Invitation to Psychology, 5e  Carole Wade and Carol Tavris
Dreams as interpreted
brain activity
Activation-synthesis theory
Dreaming results signals triggered by
activity in the lower part of the brain.
At the same time, brain regions that
handle logical thought and sensation
from the external world are shut
down.
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CHAPTER
Invitation to Psychology, 5e  Carole Wade and Carol Tavris
Evaluating dream theories
Psychoanalytic model
Interpretations are often far fetched
Problem-focused model
Skepticism about the ability to solve problems during sleep
Activation-synthesis model
Does not explain coherent, story-like dreams or non-REM dreams
Cognitive model
Some specific claims remain to be tested
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CHAPTER
Invitation to Psychology, 5e  Carole Wade and Carol Tavris
Hypnosis
A procedure in which the
practitioner suggests
changes in the sensations,
perceptions, thoughts,
feelings, or behavior of the
subject
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CHAPTER
Invitation to Psychology, 5e  Carole Wade and Carol Tavris
The nature of hypnosis
•Hypnotic responsiveness depends
more on the person being hypnotized
than on the skill of the hypnotist.
•Hypnotized people cannot be forced to
do things against their will.
•Feats performed under hypnosis can
be performed by motivated people
without hypnosis.
•Hypnosis doesn’t increase accuracy of
memory.
•Hypnosis doesn’t produce a literal reexperiencing of long-past events.
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CHAPTER
Invitation to Psychology, 5e  Carole Wade and Carol Tavris
When does hypnosis work?
•Hypnotic suggestions have been used effectively for
medical and psychological purposes.
Ex. pain management, quitting smoking
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CHAPTER
Invitation to Psychology, 5e  Carole Wade and Carol Tavris
Theories of hypnosis
Dissociation theories
1. Hypnosis is a split in consciousness in which one part of the
mind operates independently of consciousness.
2. During hypnosis, dissociation occurs between an executive
control system (probably in the frontal lobes) and other
systems of thinking and acting.
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CHAPTER
Invitation to Psychology, 5e  Carole Wade and Carol Tavris
Theories of hypnosis
Sociocognitive theories
1. Effects of hypnosis result from interaction between social
influence of the hypnotist and the beliefs and expectations of
the subject.
2. Can explain “alien abduction” and “past-life regression”
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CHAPTER
Invitation to Psychology, 5e  Carole Wade and Carol Tavris
Classifying drugs
5
Psychoactive drug
Substance capable of influencing perception, mood,
cognition, or behavior by changing the body’s
biochemistry
Types
Stimulants speed up activity in the CNS.
Depressants slow down activity in the CNS.
Opiates relieve pain.
Psychedelic drugs disrupt normal thought
processes.
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CHAPTER
Invitation to Psychology, 5e  Carole Wade and Carol Tavris
What do you think?
Marijuana should be legalized.
A. Yes
B. No
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5
CHAPTER
Invitation to Psychology, 5e  Carole Wade and Carol Tavris
What do you think?
Should nicotine be made illegal?
A. Yes
B. No
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CHAPTER
Invitation to Psychology, 5e  Carole Wade and Carol Tavris
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Physiology of drug effects
Psychoactive drugs work by acting on
neurotransmitters. They can. . .
•Increase or decrease the release of neurotransmitters
•Prevent the re-absorption of excess neurotransmitters by
the cells that release them
•Block the effects of neurotransmitters on receiving cells
•Bind to receptors that would ordinarily be triggered by a
neurotransmitter
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CHAPTER
Invitation to Psychology, 5e  Carole Wade and Carol Tavris
Cocaine’s effect on
the brain
Blocks the brain’s reuptake of
dopamine and norepinephrine,
increasing the levels of these
neurotransmitters.
Results in over-stimulation of certain
brain circuits and a brief euphoric high.
When drug wears off, depletion of
dopamine may cause user to “crash.”
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CHAPTER
Invitation to Psychology, 5e  Carole Wade and Carol Tavris
Psychology of drug
effects
5
Reactions to psychoactive drugs depend on
several factors.
•The number of times a person has used a drug
•Physical factors such as body weight, metabolism, initial state of
emotional arousal, and physical tolerance
•Environmental factors such as where and with whom one uses a
drug
•Mental set or expectations of a drug’s effects and the reasons for
taking it
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