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Chapter 21
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Narcotics and Dangerous Drugs
Other Dangerous Drugs
Legal Aspects
Probable Cause and Searches
Scenario- Homegrown Trouble
Narcotics and
Dangerous Drugs
Any variety of
substances inducing
altered states of
consciousness...
Q: 21
Narcotics and
Dangerous Drugs
and derived from the
opium poppy
Legally
Narcotics is designated as
any drug that is:
 allegedly dangerous
 heavily abused
Legally
Narcotics is designated as
any drug that is:
 a drug with a high
potential for abuse
Narcotics and
Dangerous Drugs
In general, it is
considered any drug
that produces a
stupor, insensibility
or sleep
Q: 1
Opiates
Any of the
narcotic drugs
produced from
the opium
poppy
Opiates
Any of the
narcotic drugs
produced from
the opium
poppy
Opiates
Any of the
narcotic drugs
produced from
the opium
poppy
Q: 2, 28
Graphic
Narcotic Drug Abuse
 Dates back
to ancient times
 Morphinelike
drugs reduce
sensitivity
Q: 7
Narcotic Drug Abuse
Chronic use
leads to
physical and
psychological
dependence
Q: 23, 25
Categories of Drugs
 Narcotics
 Stimulants
 Sedatives
 Hallucinogens
Q: 26
Narcotics
 Depressant
effect on
nervous
system
Narcotics
 Euphoria,
feeling of
warmth and
well-being
Narcotics
Used to
relieve pain,
induce sleep
Narcotics
Psychological
and
physiological
dependence
Narcotics
Tolerance to
dose levels
requires
increased
dosages for
same effect
Sedatives
Used to allay
irritation or
nervousness
Sedatives
 Creates a
lethargic, sleepy
feeling
Sedatives
 Creates a
lethargic, sleepy
feeling
 Effect of
calm, well-being
Sedatives
Psychological
and
physiological
dependence
Stimulants
Increases
activity of
tissues (central
nervous
system)
Stimulants
Increases
activity of
tissues (central
nervous
system)
Stimulants
Affects the
physiological
processes of the
body
Stimulants
 Remove
inhibitions
Stimulants
 Remove
inhibitions
 Produce zest,
excitement
Stimulants
Stimulants
Stimulants
 Produce a
state of euphoria
and energy
Stimulants
 Produce a
state of euphoria
and energy
 Psychological
and physiological
dependence
Hallucinogens
Capable of altering
perceptions and
producing
hallucinations
Hallucinogens
Perceptions of
heightened senses
and vivid colors
Hallucinogens
Produce
exaggerated
feelings of terror,
visions of
monsters,
terrifying imagined
situations
Hallucinogens
Sometimes
produce
flashbacks,
images and
states of mind
Hallucinogens
Even after use
of the drug has
ended
Types of Narcotics
 Heroin
 Codeine
 Percodan
Q: 27
Types of Narcotics
 Cocaine
 Morphine
 Methadone
Heroin
 An odorless,
crystalline,white powder
 Acts as a depressant
to spinal cord
 Tolerance to dosage is
fast
Q: 31
Heroin
 Danger of drug
dependency
 Is cut with various
substances to reduce
potency, extend profit
Q: 8, 9
Heroin
 Street dealers cut or
step on drug prior to
sale
 Considerable profit
Cocaine
 Made from
the coca plant
 White,
odorless,
crystalline
powder
Q: 6, 11, 33
Graphic
Cocaine
 Resembles
snow, Epson
salts, camphor
 Medically used
for operations on
ear, eye, nose
Q: 12, 32
Cocaine
 Illicit cocaine cut with sugar and
local anesthetics
 stimulates
central nervous
system, increases
heart rate
Freebasing Cocaine
Separation of
base cocaine
from its
hydrochloride
powder
Q: 34
Freebasing Cocaine
Once separated,
crystals are
smoked produces a more
potent high
Freebasing Cocaine
Once separated,
crystals are
smoked produces a more
potent high
Freebasing Cocaine
Once separated,
crystals are
smoked produces a more
potent high
Crack Cocaine
Converts its base
state without
removing any
adulterants
Q: 35
Crack Cocaine
Converts its base
state without
removing any
adulterants
Looks like
chalky rock
Q: 36
Crack Cocaine
Converts its base
state without
removing any
adulterants
Looks like
chalky rock
Q: 13
Morphine
 Principal
alkaloid of opium
 Converted by
boiling and
filtering
Q: 20, 29
Morphine
 A condensed
extract of opium
 More potent
 White
Q: 30
Morphine
Three Forms
 Powder
 Cubes
 Tablets
Codeine
Alkaloid codeine
found in crude
opium or
produced
synthetically
Codeine
 Least addictive
of opium
derivatives
 Fine, white
crystalline
powder
Codeine
Can be found in a
number of legally
provided medical
preparations
Codeine
Used by addicts substitute for
heroine or
morphine
Codeine
Used by addicts substitute for
heroine or
morphine
Codeine
Used by addicts substitute for
heroine or
morphine
Codeine
Used by addicts substitute for
heroine or
morphine
Percodan
 Important
medicine as a
pain killer
 Closer to
morphine in its
effects
Percodan
Taken orally, or
dissolved in
water and
injected
Methadone
Produced as a
response to a
shortage of morphine
during World War II
Methadone
Produces much the
same effects as
morphine or codeine
Can be administered
orally or intravenously
Q: 22
Methadone
Withdrawal symptoms
are milder and occur
more slowly
Q: 10
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Narcotics and Dangerous Drugs
Other Dangerous Drugs
Legal Aspects
Probable Cause and Searches
Scenario- Homegrown Trouble
Other Dangerous
Drugs
 Stimulants
 Depressants
 Designer
Drugs
 Cannabis
Other Dangerous
Drugs
 Various
hallucinogens
 Tranquilizers
 Inhalants
Stimulants
Non-narcotic,
directly stimulates
the central
nervous
system
Q: 37
Stimulants
Non-narcotic,
directly stimulates
the central
nervous
system
Depressants
Depressants
 Sedatives
 Hypnotics
 Frequently
prescribed to
induce sleep
Q: 14
Depressants
Can be legally
purchased
with a
prescription
Depressants
 Known as
downers
 Overdose (with
alcohol) can result
in unconsciousness
or death
Tranquilizers
Originally
developed as
medical aids to
psychotherapy
for mental
patients
Tranquilizers
Valium, Libriumprescribed for
anxiety,
antidepressants
New drug 1990’s:
Ruhibnol
Hallucinogens
Psychedelics, consciousnessexpanding drugs
 LSD 25
 PCP
 Mescaline
Q: 38
Hallucinogens
Psychedelics, consciousnessexpanding drugs
 Psilocybin
 Psilocyn
Q: 39
LSD
 One of most
powerful drugs abused
on the market
 Average dose- a tiny
speck on a toothpick,
30 or 40 micrograms
LSD
Administered
orally, often
placed on a
sugar cube in a
drink, or on a
blotter
LSD
Administered
orally, often
placed on a
sugar cube in a
drink, or on a
blotter
LSD
Causes mental
and perceptual
changes
LSD
Causes mental
and perceptual
changes
LSD
No physical
dependence,
not addictive
PCP (Phencyclidine)
Originally an
animal tranquilizer
and anesthetic
Q: 15
PCP (Phencyclidine)
May function as a
stimulant, depressant
or analgesic
Mescaline
 Also known as
peyote
 From peyote
cactus
Mescaline
Used by Native
Americans in
religious rituals
Mescaline
Buttons from
cactus ground
into a powder,
bitter- mixed with
juice, coffee ,etc.
Mescaline
Also a powder in
capsules or liquid
Mescaline
Also a powder in
capsules or liquid
Q: 16
Cannabis
 A mild
hallucinogen
 A widely
abused drug
Graphic
Cannabis
 Grows
worldwide
 Marijuana,
hashish, hash
oil
Q: 17
Psilocybin & Psilocyn
 “Magic
Mushrooms”
 Psilocybe
species
 Used in Indian
rites for centuries
Designer Drugs
 Substances produced
in clandestine
laboratories
Designer Drugs
 Substances produced
in clandestine
laboratories
 Add or take away
something in an
existing drug’s
composition
Inhalants
 Not part of
illicit drug trade
 Serious
problem for law
enforcement
Inhalants
Household
solvents,
cleaners,
aerosols used to
obtain a high
Inhalants
Household
solvents,
cleaners,
aerosols used to
obtain a high
Inhalants
 Gasoline, paint,
Freon, model
airplane glue, amyl
or butyl nitrate
Inhalants
 Gasoline, paint,
Freon, model
airplane glue, amyl
or butyl nitrate
 “Snappers” or
“Poppers”
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Narcotics and Dangerous Drugs
Other Dangerous Drugs
Legal Aspects
Probable Cause and Searches
Scenario- Homegrown Trouble
Legal Aspects
Drug laws
defined in
Federal and
state laws
Legal Aspects
Laws and
penalties
vary between
levels of
government
Q: 3
Legal Aspects
Also vary
from one
jurisdiction
to another
Legal Aspects
Also vary
from one
jurisdiction
to another
Categories of Drug
Offenses
 Possession
 Distribution
 Manufacturing
Possession
Prohibition of a
controlled drug
on one’s person,
or under one’s
control in one’s
car or house
Possession
Prohibition of a
controlled drug
on one’s person,
or under one’s
control in one’s
car or house
Distribution
Charge of
distribution
imposed on an
individual for any
exchange of illicit
drugs between two
or more parties
Manufacturing
Activity of
cultivating,
harvesting or
manufacturing
illegal drugs
Manufacturing
Activity of
cultivating,
harvesting or
manufacturing
illegal drugs
Controlled Substance
Act
Federal law enforcement
agencies control the abuse
of narcotics and other
dangerous drugs, also
chemical substances
Q: 4
Controlled Substance
Act
 Used as a model for
many state laws
 Determines if a
substance should be
controlled
Q: 5
Controlled Substance
A drug or substance
whose use and
possession are
regulated under the
Controlled Substance
Act
Q: 24
Federal Anti-Drug
Abuse Legislation
Major initiatives against
drug abuse on the federal
level, undertaken in 1980
Investigating Illegal
Drug Cases
Nature of drug crime
requires specialized
investigative
approaches and skills
Investigating Illegal
Drug Cases
Investigations may be
 Open investigations
 Undercover field
investigations
 Stings
Undercover Drug
Operations
Decoy work, sting
operations, police
intelligence- gathering
efforts
Undercover Drug
Operations
 Light Cover
 Deep Cover
Light Cover
Undercover
operation that
extends only as
long as the
officer’s tour of
duty
Q: 18
Light Cover
Undercover
operation that
extends only as
long as the
officer’s tour of
duty
Deep Cover
 An undercover
operation that may
extend for a long
period of time
Deep Cover
 An undercover
operation that may
extend for a long
period of time
 Officer assumes
another identity
Informants
Common practice to
use informants for
information, leads or
evidence
Informants
Used to arrange
introductions to drug
dealers or distributors
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Narcotics and Dangerous Drugs
Other Dangerous Drugs
Legal Aspects
Probable Cause and Searches
Scenario- Homegrown Trouble
Probable Cause and
Searches
Reasonable grounds for
belief that a person should
be arrested or searched, or
that property should be
searched or seized
Q: 19
Probable Cause and
Searches
Persons
Vehicles
Premises
Searches of Persons
 Officer’s protection
(check for weapons)
 Incidental to arrest
(check for weapons or
contraband)
Searches of Persons
 Prisoner’s safety
(assure no dangerous
objects are left with
subject while in
custody)
Searches of Vehicles
If probable cause
exists, vehicles
can be searched
without a warrant
Searches of Vehicles
If probable cause
exists, vehicles
can be searched
a warrant
Searches of Vehicles
If probable cause
exists, vehicles
can be searched
without a warrant
Searches of Vehicles
If probable cause
exists, vehicles
can be searched
a warrant
Searches of Vehicles
If probable cause
exists, vehicles
can be searched
without a warrant
Searches of Premises
Search
sections of
rooms in a
systematic,
thorough
manner
Searches of Premises
Search
sections of
rooms in a
systematic,
thorough
manner
Searches of Premises
Search
sections of
rooms in a
systematic,
thorough
manner
Searches of Premises
Search
sections of
rooms in a
systematic,
thorough
manner
Searches of Premises
Search
sections of
rooms in a
systematic,
thorough
manner
Searches of Premises
Look into, around,
under and through
all objects,
containers, materials
and places of
concealment
Searches of Premises
Look into, around,
under and through
all objects,
containers, materials
and places of
concealment
Searches of Premises
Look into, around,
under and through
all objects,
containers, materials
and places of
concealment
Searches of Premises
A recorder
should be
assigned to take
notes of any
evidence found
during the search
Searches of Premises
If drugs are found:
Confront the
suspect
Searches of Premises
If drugs are found:
Confront the
suspect
Ask what type
of drugs they are
Arrest Situations
If officers witness a
drug buy, may want
to immediately
make an arrest…
Arrest Situations
Sometimes more
fruitful to identify
buyer and seller,
wait to make the
arrest
Arrest Situations
Waiting and
watching a seller
may lead to a
supplier
Arrest Situations
Or if an actual buy
has been observed,
officer may proceed
with a lawful arrest
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Narcotics and Dangerous Drugs
Other Dangerous Drugs
Legal Aspects
Probable Cause and Searches
Scenario- Homegrown Trouble
Let’s Discuss...
Home-Grown Trouble
Timber workers
were shot at when
they began working
a tract of trees in
remote Cannabis
County
Home-Grown Trouble
A closer look at the
area revealed an old
logging road
covered with
marijuana plants
...ready for harvest
Home-Grown Trouble
Local deputies
admit they are
outgunned by
pistoleros who
patrol the fields
to protect the
crop
Home-Grown Trouble
The Cannabis Co.
Sheriff has asked
for assistance on
what he believes
has become a
matter of public
safety
Home-Grown Trouble
The Cannabis Co.
Sheriff has asked
for assistance on
what he believes
has become a
matter of public
safety
Home-Grown Trouble
You are a Drug
Enforcement Agent
assigned to assist the
Cannabis County
Sheriff's office
Home-Grown Trouble
You have been
assigned this case
 What elements
of this situation
need to be
investigated?
Home-Grown Trouble
You have been
assigned this case
 What sort of
investigation will
you conduct?
Home-Grown Trouble
You have been
assigned this case
 What legislation
is applicable to the
situation?
Home-Grown Trouble
You have been
assigned this case
 What search
techniques will you
use?
Home-Grown Trouble
You have been
assigned this case
 What arrest
situation would be
most fruitful, if options
are available?