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Chapter 5 States of Consciousness This multimedia product and its contents are protected under copyright law. The following are prohibited by law: •Any public performance or display, including transmission of any image over a network; •Preparation of any derivative work, including the extraction, in whole or in part, of any images •Any rental, lease or lending of the program. • ISBN: 0-131-73180-7 Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 How is Consciousness Related to Other Mental Processes? Consciousness can take many forms, while other mental processes occur simultaneously outside our awareness Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 What Consciousness Does For Us Restricts our attention Combines sensation with learning and memory Allows us to create a mental model of the world that we can manipulate Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Levels of Consciousness Conscious Preconscious Unconscious Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Levels of Consciousness Conscious – Brain process of which we are aware Nonconscious – Brain process that does not involve conscious processing (e.g. heart rate, breathing, control of internal organs) Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Levels of Consciousness Preconscious – Information that is not currently in consciousness, but can be brought into consciousness if attention is called to it Unconscious – Many levels of processing that occur without awareness Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 What Cycles Occur in Everyday Consciousness? Consciousness changes in cycles that correspond to our biological rhythms and the patterns of stimulation in our environment Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 What Cycles Occur in Everyday Consciousness? Daydreaming – A common variation of consciousness in which attention shifts to memories, expectations, desires, or fantasies and away from the immediate situation Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Sleep and Dreaming Circadian rhythms – Psychological patterns that repeat approximately every 24 hours The sleep cycle involves: REM sleep Non-REM (NREM) sleep REM-sleep deprivation leads to REM rebound Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 The Sleep Cycle Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 The Function of Sleep Possible functions of sleep include: • To conserve energy • To restore the body (neurotransmitters, neuron sensitivity) • To build “neural nets” and flush out useless information from the brain Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 The Need for Sleep Over the years, the need for REM sleep decreases considerably, while the need for NREM sleep diminishes less sharply Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Sleep Debt vs. The Circadian Clock Sleep debt – Deficiency caused by not getting the amount of sleep that one requires for optimal functioning Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Sleep cycle - Stage 1: The state of transition b/w wakefulness and sleep, characterized by relatively rapid, low-voltage theta brain waves - Stage 2: A sleep deeper than that of stage 1, characterized by a slower, more regular wave pattern, along with momentary interruptions of “sleep spindles”: brief bursts of activity - Stage 3: A sleep characterized by slow delta brain waves, higher amplitude, with greater peaks and valleys in the wave pattern, person is now completely asleep - Stage 4: The deepest stage of sleep (delta waves), during which we are least responsive to outside stimulation, hard to wake up Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Sleep cycle continued - REM (rapid eye movement) sleep: Sleep occupying around 20 % of an adult’s sleeping time, characterized by increased heart rate, blood pressure, and breathing rate, eye movements, and the experience of dreaming; - produces EEG patterns very similar to those observed when the person is alert and awake, even though the person appears deeply asleep and difficult to wake up (paradoxical sleep). Rapid eye movement occurs under closed eyelids. REM is when most dreaming occurs - NREM sleep: The stages of sleep not associated with rapid eye movements and marked by relatively little dreaming (stages 1-4) Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Why We Dream: A Cross-Cultural Perspective Folk theories Scientific approach • Dreams as meaningful events • Dreams as random brain activity Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Dreams as Meaningful Events Freud believed dreams served the following two functions: • To guard sleep • To serve as sources of wish fulfillment Dream content • Varies by culture, gender, and age • Frequently connects with recent experience • May help us form memories Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Dreams as Random Brain Activity Activation-synthesis theory – Theory that dreams begin with random electrical activation coming from brain stem; dreams are brain’s attempt to make sense of this random activity Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Sleep Disorders Insomnia – Involves insufficient sleep, the inability to fall asleep quickly, frequent arousals, or early awakenings Sleep apnea – Respiratory disorder in which person intermittently stops breathing while asleep Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Sleep Disorders Narcolepsy – Involves sudden REM sleep attacks accompanied by cataplexy Cataplexy – Sudden loss of muscle control that occurs before narcoleptic sleep attack; waking form of sleep paralysis Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Sleep Disorders Night terrors – The screaming of a child in deep sleep, who, once awakened, has no memory of what mental events might have caused the fear Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 What Other Forms Can Consciousness Take? An altered state of consciousness occurs when some aspect of normal consciousness is modified by mental, behavioral, or chemical means Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 What Other Forms Can Consciousness Take? Hypnosis Meditation Psychoactive drug states Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Hypnosis Hypnosis – Induced state of altered awareness, characterized by heightened suggestibility and deep relaxation Hypnotizability – Degree to which an individual is responsive to hypnotic suggestions Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Hypnosis As an Altered State Experts disagree about whether hypnosis involves A distinct state of consciousness Heightened motivation Social processes such as role playing A dissociate state (Hilgard’s “hidden observer” view) Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Practical Uses for Hypnosis Hypnosis can have practical uses for Researchers Psychological treatment Medical and dental treatment Hypnotic analgesia – Diminished sensitivity to pain while under hypnosis Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Explaining Hypnosis - Hypnotized ppl may look and act differently than other ppl. Does this imply hypnosis is an altered state of consciousness? - Role Theory: holds that hypnosis is not a state of consciousness; subjects merely act out a special social role. Ex: ppl act bizarrely in other situations (sports events or concerts) that aren’t considered altered states of consciousness - State Theory: says that hypnosis is a true altered state of consciousness Ex: there are subtle differences in the mental processes b/w hypnotized and un-hypnotized subjects - Dissociation Theory: says hypnosis is not one specific state by a general condition where ppl re-organize control of their behavior. Hypnosis creates dissociation, or a split in consciousness. It’s considered a social agreement to share control with the hypnotist. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Meditation Meditation – Form of consciousness change induced by focusing on a repetitive behavior, assuming certain body positions and minimizing external stimulation Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Psychoactive Drug States Psychoactive drugs – Chemicals that affect mental processes and behavior by their effects on the nervous system Hallucinogens Opiates Depressants Stimulants Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Hallucinogens Alter perceptions of the external environment and inner awareness (also called psychedelics) • Mescaline • LSD • PCP • Cannabis Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 hallucinogens A. Mescaline - is a natural product of the peyote cactus and is used ritually (and legally) in some religions - the “buttons” of the cactus are chewed and the juice is swallowed and as the nausea subsides, the experience begins - can also be synthesized and is distributed “illegally” in pill form - the effects of mescaline last maybe 4-6 hours Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Hallucinogens C. LSD (lysergic acid diethylamide) - is a synthetic substance distributed in small amounts, usually on bits of paper - depending on dosage, LSD tends to produce a much more intensive and disorienting experience than mescaline and psilocybin, lasting 10-12 hours with stimulant-like effects D. PCP (phencyclidene) - is a synthetic originally developed for use as an anesthetic; medical use was discontinued, b/c of the hallucinogenic and other side effects - illegally manufactured PCP powder, also known as “angel dust” can be ingested in any form, including smoking and is often combined (cut) with other drugs like cocaine and other hallucinogens, which is one of the greatest dangers of any illegal drug: you don’t necessarily know what you’re getting and you might even get poisoned - PCP effects tend to be profound and depending upon dosage can last for a couple days!! Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Hallucinogens E. Marijuana - is a plant that was once widely cultivated for use in making rope (hemp); the active ingredient is THC (tetrahydrocannabinol), which is psychoactively in a class of its own - THC can also be synthesized and is sometimes, illegally distributed in pill form. Typically, marijuana is simply dried and smoked - Hash is a hard paste derived by cooking down marijuana leaves and flowers and is also smoked - Regardless of form, however, effects include at low dosages, relaxation and sedation similar to those of depressants, especially benzodiazepines - At high dosages, and also depending upon the quality of marijuana, effects are somewhat like those of hallucinogens, including euphoria and mild perceptual distortion, drowsiness, and sleep - Unlike depressants, marijuana is not physically addictive and is not thought to cause physical damage, except serious respiratory problems and diseases associated with smoking - In other words, marijuana is thought to be a carcinogen like tobacco Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Opiates Highly addictive; produce a sense of well-being and have strong painrelieving properties • Morphine • Codeine • Heroin • Methadone Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Opiates A. Opium - comes from opium poppies and can be smoked in its raw form - codeine, morphine, and heroin come from opium. Heroin is the most intense version in terms of the feelings you get from it and its level of addiction - heroin users can easily overdose from heroin b/c of its strength and narrow range of effect B. Methadone - is a synthetic narcotic used primarily for treatment of narcotics addiction, as a substitute. It produces relatively little euphoria, but the pain and suffering associated with withdrawal is eliminated Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Depressants Slow down mental and physical activity by inhibiting transmission of nerve impulses in the central nervous system • Barbiturates • Benzodiazepines (e.g. Valium) • Alcohol Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 A. Alcohol (0.08 blood alcohol level) - Alcohol is the most widely used and abused depressant drug. Depressants also include sedative hypnotics (sleeping pills) such as barbiturates and minor tranquilizers such as benzodiazepines. Depressants are usually taken orally, although some abusers sometimes inject them under the skin. - is a physically addictive drug that produces tolerance and can produce severe withdrawal effects ranging from irritability and inability to sleep, with mild abuse to seizures and heart attacks and death in the case of sustained, long-term abuse. - abuse also tends to have physical effects throughout the body, including destruction of neurons in the CNS and damage to the liver and other organs. It is also quite possible to overdose on alcohol and die. - Psychologically, alcohol may initially produce subjective feelings of an increase in arousal and energy level, but its main effect on the CNS is depression Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 depressants B. Barbiturates (i.e. Nembutal, Seconal, and “downers”) - were popularly prescribed as sleeping pills in the 50s and 60s but much less so today, some used as anesthetics. They produce similar effects to alcohol and are physically addictive and potentially dangerous. When taken with alcohol the effects multiply and are more dangerous. C. Benzodiazepine tranquilizers (i.e. Valium, Librium, Xanax) - tend to reduce anxiety and produce feelings of calm, and relaxed well-being, but also produce sleep when taken enough. - also physically addictive, like barbiturates, when mixed with alcohol have a more intense and dangerous effect. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Stimulants Arouse the central nervous system, speeding up mental and physical responses • Cocaine • Amphetamines • Methamphetamine • MDMA (ecstasy) • Caffeine • Nicotine Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Stimulants A. Amphetamines - are synthetic stimulants that were probably prescribed in the 50s and 60s for weight control. Today, the only true amphetamine widely available is illegally made methamphetamine or “crystal meth” a powder that can be snorted or injected - also available illegally is ecstasy or “X” which is an amphetamine derivative with distinctively euphoric effects - medical use of amphetamines was discontinued b/c they are physically addictive and can be very damaging to the CNS, which eventually interferes with concentration, and memory. Even though they are highly effective appetite suppressants, the person tends to gain the weight back rapidly if they stop using. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 stimulants B. Cocaine - stimulant with effects similar to amphetamines was once used as a local anesthetic and even as an ingredient in Coca-Cola. Cocaine is a natural substance that comes from the coca plant and is distributed illegally both in highly refined powder and “rock” form. - It is consumed by snorting or injecting; the most rapid and intense effects are obtained by smoking “crack” cocaine, which also produces intense withdrawal effects and craving. - Effects on the body can be dangerous, especially if combining with depressants or narcotics, which can be very dangerous physically and psychologically b/c of the conflicting effects and the “roller coaster” ride Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 End of Chapter 5 Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007