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Myers’ PSYCHOLOGY Chapter 7 States of Consciousness When you are dead, you don't know that you are dead. It is difficult only for the others... It is the same when you are stupid... “Philippe Geluck, quote about stupidity” Chapter 7 Must know! A classmate believes that alcohol, marijuana, and cocaine all have similar effects on behavior and that therefore all three drugs ought to be legalized. Carefully evaluate the strengths and weaknesses of your classmate’s opinion. States of Consciousness Consciousness our awareness of ourselves and our environments Fantasy Prone Personality imagines and recalls experiences with lifelike vividness spends considerable time fantasizing Sleep and Dreams Biological Rhythms periodic physiological fluctuations Circadian Rhythm the biological clock regular bodily rhythms that occur on a 24 hour cycle wakefulness body temperature Premenstrual Syndrome p. 274 3 Recalled mood is worse than earlier reported Negative mood score 2 1 Premenstrual Actual Menstrual Intermenstrual Menstrual phase Recalled mood Sleep and Dreams REM (Rapid Eye Movement) Sleep recurring sleep stage vivid dreams “paradoxical sleep” muscles are generally relaxed, but other body systems are active Sleep periodic, natural, reversible loss of consciousness Sleep and Dreams p. 276 Measuring sleep activity Brain Waves and Sleep Stages p. 277 Alpha Waves slow waves of a relaxed, awake brain Hallucinations false sensory experiences Delta Waves large, slow waves of deep sleep Brain Waves and Sleep Stages p. 277 Stages 3 &4- brain emits large, slow delta waves. Stage 3 is considered “transitional” and stage 4 is “deep.” Delta waves- associated with deep sleep. Stage 4- end of this stage marked by bed wetting and sleep walking (2-10 minutes). Typical Nightly Sleep Stages p.278 Awake Sleep stages 1 2 3 REM 4 0 1 2 3 4 Hours of sleep 5 6 7 Typical Nightly Sleep Stages p. 278 Minutes of Stage 4 and REM Decreasing Stage 4 25 20 15 Increasing REM 10 5 0 1 2 3 4 5 Hours of sleep 6 7 8 Sleep Deprivation Effects of Sleep Loss fatigue impaired concentration immune suppression irritability slowed performance accidents • planes • autos and trucks Sleep Deprivation p. 281 March 8, 2015 spring forward Less sleep, more accidents Accident frequency More sleep, fewer accidents 2,800 2,700 4,200 2,600 4000 2,500 3,800 2,400 3,600 Spring time change (hour sleep loss) Monday before time change Fall time change (hour sleep gained) Monday after time change Sleep Disorders Insomnia persistent problems in falling or staying asleep, 10- 15% of adults suffer. Narcolepsy- 1 in 2,000 is dangerous uncontrollable sleep attacks- Rusty Sleep Apnea- affects millions cessation of breathing often associated with snoring repeatedly awakes sufferer Night Terrors and Nightmares p. 285 Night Terrors- kids Sleep stages occur within 2 or 3 hours of falling asleep, usually during Stage 4 high arousalappearance of being terrified Awake 1 2 3 REM 4 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 Hours of sleep 7 Nightmares Night terrors/ sleepwalking- stage 4 Nightmares- REM occur towards morning during REM sleep Dreams- Freud Sigmund Freud- The Interpretation of Dreams (1900) wish fulfillment discharge otherwise unacceptable feelings Manifest Content remembered story line Latent Content underlying, uncensored meaning Dreams- Freud He argues dreams are attempts by our unconscious to express our hidden desires, fears, and feelings. Furthermore, Freud believed dreams contain an encoded language. This language is highly subjective to the individual person because it is based on sensory symbolisms that are derived from personal experience Dreams Jungian Dream Theory saw dreams not as symptoms of repressed desires but as our brains method of forming connections and relationships between our waking experiences Jung also believed the manifest content of dreams are more important than the latent. Dreams Activation-synthesis Theory Activation synthesis theory argues dreams are the result of randomly firing neurons during REM sleep. The brain therefore constructs imaginative narratives using cached sensory memories from you daily life to make sense of the neuronal messages. Dreams Continual-activation Theory challenges activation-synthesis theory by arguing the brain actually uses different mechanisms for REM sleep than for dreams. The theory was published by Jie Zhang in 2004. It relies on the model of memory known as consolidation theory. "consolidation" of our waking experiences into long term memory. Dreams As Information Processing helps consolidate day’s memories stimulates neural development REM Rebound REM sleep increases following REM sleep deprivation Hypnosis Hypnosis a social interaction in which one person (the hypnotist) suggests to another (the subject) that certain perceptions, feelings, thoughts or behaviors will spontaneously occur a relaxed state Hypnosis Posthypnotic Amnesia supposed inability to recall what one experienced during hypnosis induced by the hypnotist’s suggestion Hypnotic Suggestibility related to subject’s openness to suggestion ability to focus attention inwardly ability to become imaginatively absorbed Hypnosis Unhypnotized persons can also do this Hypnosis Orne & Evans (1965) control group instructed to “pretend” unhypnotized subjects performed the same acts as the hypnotized ones Posthypnotic Suggestion suggestion to be carried out after the subject is no longer hypnotized used by some clinicians to control undesired symptoms and behaviors Hypnosis and Pain Dissociation a split in consciousness allows some thoughts and behaviors to occur simultaneously with others Hidden Observer Hilgard’s term describing a hypnotized subject’s awareness of experiences, such as pain, that go unreported during hypnosis Hypnosis Divided Consciousness or Social Phenomenon? Attention is diverted from an aversive odor. How? Divided-consciousness theory: hypnosis has caused a split in awareness Social Influence theory: the subject is so caught up in the hypnotized role that she ignores the odor Remember the question we started with… A classmate believes that alcohol, marijuana, and cocaine all have similar effects on behavior and that therefore all three drugs ought to be legalized. Carefully evaluate the strengths and weaknesses of your classmate’s opinion. Drugs and Consciousness Psychoactive Drug a chemical substance that alters perceptions and alters mood Physical Dependence physiological need for a drug marked by unpleasant withdrawal symptoms Psychological Dependence a psychological need to use a drug for example, to relieve negative emotions Dependence Big effect Drug effect Tolerance need for progressively larger doses to achieve same effect Response to first exposure After repeated exposure, more drug is needed to produce same effect Little effect Small Withdrawal Large Drug dose discomfort and distress with discontinued use Psychoactive Drugs Depressants drugs that reduce neural activity slow body function alcohol, barbiturates, opiates Stimulants drugs that excite neural activity speed up body function caffeine, nicotine, amphetamines Psychoactive Drugs Hallucinogens psychedelic (mind-manifesting) drugs that distort perceptions and evoke sensory images in the absence of sensory input LSD Psychoactive Drugs Barbiturates drugs that depress the activity of the central nervous system, reducing anxiety but impairing memory and judgement Psychoactive Drugs Opiates opium and its derivatives (morphine and heroin) opiates depress neural activity, temporarily lessening pain and anxiety Psychoactive Drugs Amphetamines drugs that stimulate neural activity, causing accelerated body functions and associated energy and mood changes Cocaine Euphoria and Crash Psychoactive Drugs LSD lysergic acid diethylamide a powerful hallucinogenic drug also known as acid THC the major active ingredient in marijuana triggers a variety of effects, including mild hallucinations Psychoactive Drugs Drug Type Pleasurable Effects Adverse Effects Alcohol Depressant Initial high followed by relaxation and disinhibition Depression, memory loss, organ damage, impaired reactions Heroin Depressant Rush of euphoria, relief from pain Depressed physiology, agonizing withdrawal Caffeine Stimulant Increased alertness and wakefulness Anxiety, restlessness, and insomnia in high doses; uncomfortable withdrawal Metham- Stimulant phetamine Euphoria, alertness, energy Irritability, insomnia, hypertension, seizures Cocaine Stimulant Rush of euphoria, confidence, energy Cardiovascular stress, suspiciousness, depressive crash Nicotine Stimulant Arousal and relaxation, sense of well-being Heart disease, cancer (from tars) Marijuana Mild Enhanced sensation, pain relief Lowered sex hormones, disrupted hallucinogen distortion of time, relaxation memory, lung damage from smoke Trends in Drug Use 80% High school seniors reporting drug use 70 60 50 Alcohol 40 Marijuana/ hashish 30 20 Cocaine 10 0 1975 ‘77 ‘79 ‘81 ‘83 ‘85 ‘87 ‘89 Year ‘91 ‘93 ‘95 ‘97 ‘99 Perceived Marijuana Risk 100% Percent of twelfth graders Perceived “great risk of harm” in marijuana use 90 80 70 60 50 40 Used marijuana 30 20 10 0 ‘75 ‘77 ‘79 ‘81 ‘83 ‘85 ‘87 ‘89 ‘91 ‘93 Year ‘95 ‘97 ‘99 Near Death Experiences Near Death Experience an altered state of consciousness reported after a close brush with death often similar to druginduced hallucinations Near Death Experiences Dualism the presumption that mind and body are two distinct entities that interact Monism the presumption that mind and body are different aspects of the same thing
