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Chapter 6 States of Consciousness States of Consciousness Consciousness our awareness of ourselves and our environment Selective Attention our awareness focuses on only a limited portion of what we experience cocktail party effect Attention Inattentional blindness failure to see visible objects when we are attending to another task http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ahg6qcgoay4 Conscious attention can only be in one place at a time Sleep and Dreams Circadian rhythm the biological clock roughly corresponds to 24-hour day/night cycle cyclical bodily rhythms wakefulness body temperature Measuring Sleep Activity Sleep Stages Cycle through 5 sleep stages every 90 minutes Stage 1 Sleep brief stage; sensation of falling Stage 2 Sleep 20 minutes; spindles (bursts of brain activity) Stage 3 Sleep brief; transitioning to deeper sleep Stage 4 Sleep 30 min.; delta (large, slow) brain waves; deep sleep REM Sleep 10 minutes; vivid dreams Sleep Stages REM (Rapid Eye Movement) Sleep recurring becomes longer as night goes on vivid dreams paradoxical sleep externally calm (muscles) internally aroused (heart rate) Brain Waves and Sleep Stages Alpha Waves Delta Waves slow brain waves of a relaxed, awake state large, slow waves of deep sleep stage 3 and stage 4 Hallucinations false sensory experiences stage 1: may experience hallucination-like images Brain Waves and Sleep Stages Sleep loss of consciousness that is: periodic natural reversible Typical Nightly Sleep Stages Awake Sleep stages 1 2 3 REM 4 0 1 2 3 4 Hours of sleep 5 6 7 Typical Nightly Sleep Stages Minutes of Stage 4 and REM Decreasing Stage 4 25 20 15 Increasing REM 10 5 0 1 2 3 4 5 Hours of sleep 6 7 8 Sleep Deprivation Are You Sleep Deprived? 1. Need an alarm clock in order to wake up at the appropriate time. 2. It’s a struggle for me to get out of bed in the morning. 3. Weekday mornings I hit the snooze bar several times to get more sleep. 4. I feel tired, irritable, and stressed out during the week. 5. I have trouble concentrating and remembering. 6. I feel slow with critical thinking, problem solving, and being creative. 7. I often fall asleep watching TV. 8. I often fall asleep in boring meetings or lectures or in warm rooms. 9. I often fall asleep after heavy meals or after a low dose of alcohol. 10. I often fall asleep while relaxing after dinner. 11. I often fall asleep within five minutes of getting into bed. 12. I often feel drowsy while driving. 13. I often sleep extra hours on weekend mornings. 14. I often need a nap to get through the day. 15. I have dark circles around my eyes. Sleep Deprivation Effects of Sleep Loss fatigue impaired concentration immune suppression irritability slowed performance increased accidents planes autos and trucks Sleep Deprivation Less sleep, more accidents Accident frequency More sleep, fewer accidents 2,800 2,700 4,200 2,600 4000 2,500 3,800 2,400 3,600 Spring time change (hour sleep loss) Monday before time change Fall time change (hour sleep gained) Monday after time change Why do we need sleep? Protective Recuperation restore and repair brain tissue Remembering kept our early ancestors from navigating at night restore & rebuild memories from the day Growth growth hormone released during deep sleep Sleep Disorders Insomnia persistent problems in falling or staying asleep Natural Remedies Exercise Avoid caffeine (including chocolate) Dimmer lights Avoid naps Wake at same time each day Turn clock away Sleep Disorders http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=X2yfUL8uct0&feature=channel Narcolepsy uncontrollable sleep attacks may lapse directly into REM sleep, often at inopportune times Hypersomnia 12-14 hours per day plus nap Fatigue, stressed –out feeling Rule out medical Sleep Disorders Sleep Apnea intermittently stop breathing during sleep frequent momentary awakenings usually unaware of these episodes Night Terrors mostly seen in children appearance of being terrified (fast heart rate) occur during Stage 4 not the same as nightmares (which occur during REM) Sleep Walking/Talking occur during Stage 4 (non-REM) Sleep runs in families more common in childhood usually harmless not remembered the next morning Dreams Dreams (REM) images, emotions, and thoughts passing through a sleeping person’s mind hallucinatory imagery discontinuities incongruities vivid recall: if we are awakened during REM sleep (or right after) Dreams - Freud Sigmund Freud-The Interpretation of Dreams (1900) dreams viewed as wish fulfillment outlet for otherwise unacceptable feelings Dreams - Freud Manifest Content remembered story line of a dream includes real experiences from the day Tetris experiment Latent (Hidden) Content underlying meaning of a dream Freud: uncovering this hidden meaning can help people resolve personal issues Dreams REM Rebound tendency for REM sleep increases following REM sleep deprivation Why do we dream? Freud: outlet for unacceptable feelings Not supported by research Information processing: to help “file” memories Link between REM & memory confirmed by brain scans Hypnosis Hypnosis one person (the hypnotist) suggests to another (the subject) that certain perceptions, feelings, thoughts or behaviors will spontaneously occur Depends on the subject’s openness to suggestion Hypnosis Posthypnotic Amnesia supposed inability to recall what one experienced during hypnosis induced by the hypnotist’s suggestion Memory Recovery Research has not supported the claim that hypnosis recovers memories that are always accurate Testimony based on hypnosis is often banned Hypnosis “Acid” Study (Orne & Evans, 1965) hypnotized subjects told to plunge hand into “acid” & throw it in researcher’s face Next day: denied they would follow such commands control group: told to “pretend” they were hypnotized unhypnotized subjects performed the same acts as the hypnotized ones Hypnosis Unhypnotized persons can also do this Hypnosis Posthypnotic Suggestion suggestion to be carried out after the subject is no longer hypnotized used by some clinicians to control undesired symptoms and behaviors has been found to be helpful for treatment of obesity addictions (drug, alcohol, smoking) do not respond as well Hypnotic Pain Relief 2 Theories Dissociation a split between different levels of consciousness example: “ice bath study” - dissociate the sensation of cold from the emotional suffering we define as painful Selective Attention hypnosis doesn’t block sensory input, but it may block our attention to painful stimuli Hypnosis Hypnosis as a social phenomenon: normal state of consciousness subjects feel and behave in ways appropriate for “good hypnotic subjects” Hypnosis as divided consciousness most researchers believe there is more to it than just being a “good subject” sometimes subjects carry out behaviors even if they think no one is watching brain activity – areas light up as though subjects are really seeing a color Hypnosis Divided Consciousness or Social Phenomenon? Attention is diverted from an aversive odor. How? Divided-consciousness theory: hypnosis has caused a split in awareness Social Influence theory: the subject is so caught up in the hypnotized role that she ignores the odor Drugs & Consciousness Psychoactive Drugs Tolerance chemicals that change perceptions & moods brain adapts chemistry to offset drug effects increasingly larger doses are needed to get the effect Withdrawal discomfort following the discontinuation of a drug Drug Tolerance Dependence & Addiction Physical Dependence Psychological Dependence indicated by physical pain and craving when the drug is absent not physically addictive, but user has a psychological need to use the drug stress-relieving drugs Addiction compulsive drug craving and use Addiction Myths Addictive drugs quickly corrupt (False) In most cases addiction does not occur when drugs are used medically Example: Those given morphine to control pain do not crave the drug like addicts who use morphine to change their mood Even with highly addictive drugs (cocaine) only some people (about 15%) become addicted Therapy is required to overcome addictions (False) Therapy & group support is helpful, but people do also recover on their own Psychoactive Drugs Three Categories Depressants Stimulants Hallucinogens All work at the brain’s synapses Stimulate, inhibit, or mimic neurotransmitter activity Our expectations also play a role Depressants Reduce neural activity Slow body functions Examples: Alcohol Barbiturates (tranquilizers) Opiates Depressants - Alcohol Slows reaction times Speech slurs Lowers inhibitions Feelings of invincibility Disrupts processing of recent experiences into longterm memories Blackouts result partly from the suppression of REM sleep Prolonged & excessive drinking can affect cognition (brain shrinking) Depressants - Barbiturates Tranquilizers Mimic the effects of alcohol Depress nervous system activity Prescription barbiturates used to induce sleep or reduce anxiety Can be lethal if taken with alcohol or in large doses Depressants - Opiates Opium and its derivatives Depress (slow down) neural activity Lessen pain and anxiety by creating a sense of pleasure Morphine; Heroin Pleasure is short term and another dose may be craved Larger and larger doses are needed Withdrawal symptoms can be extreme Increasing dose can lead to overdose death Stimulants Excite neural activity Speed up body functions Examples: Caffeine Nicotine Amphetamines Methamphetamine (“speed”) Cocaine Ecstasy Stimulants - Cocaine Enters bloodstream quickly Rush of euphoria Brain’s supply of dopamine, serotonin, & norepinephrine are depleted Crash 15-30 minutes later as drug wears off Many regular users do become addicted May lead to: emotional disturbances, suspiciousness, convulsions, cardiac arrest Stimulants - Ecstasy A synthetic stimulant Also a mild hallucinogen Triggers release of serotonin and blocks its reabsorption Prolonged feeling of euphoria Risks: dehydration, overheating, death Long-term: damages neurons that make serotonin (permanent depressed mood) Hallucinogens Hallucinogens distort perceptions evoke sensory images in the absence of sensory input can be natural substances (marijuana) or synthetic (LSD or Ecstasy) Hallucinogens - LSD lysergic acid diethylamide created & accidentally ingested by a chemist perceived striking images and intense patterns of colors chemically similar to serotonin produces a variety of emotions panic detachment euphoria Hallucinogens - Marijuana THC – major active ingredient Mix of effects (difficult to classify drug type) By-products stay in body for 1 month+ Relaxes, disinhibits, euphoric feelings Mild hallucinogen: increased sensitivity to colors, sounds, tastes, and smells regular users need lower doses for same effect Amplifies current state (e.g., anxiety or depression) Hallucinogens - Marijuana Impairs: motor coordination reaction time (makes machine operation unsafe) formation of memories information recall Marijuana smoke Can be toxic Lung damage Drug Use Influences Biological Factors Adopted individuals more susceptible to alcoholism if one or both parents have history Genes identified that are more common among people predisposed to alcoholism Psychological Factors Feeling that life is meaningless Stress Psychological disorders (e.g., depression) Drug Use Influences Social-cultural influences peer influence cultural attitude toward drug use urban environment