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The Drug Czar ‘What a Chemistry Minor in College Gets You’ Or ‘You Can’t Beat a Drug Test’ Overview Background U.S. Department of Transportation Testing General Chemistry in the Workplace Drug Czar Q+A (I’ve never been stumped) 2 Personal Background High School College U.S. Navy Northwest Airlines / Delta Air Lines 3 U.S Dept of Transportation (DOT) Testing Safety-Sensitive Functions • • • • • • • • Pilots Flight Attendants Mechanics Dispatchers Ground Security Coordinators Security Screeners Flight Instructors Air Traffic Controllers 4 U.S Dept of Transportation (DOT) Testing Safety-Sensitive Functions • Commercial Motor Vehicle Drivers (truck drivers) • Hazardous materials operators (pipelines) • Railroad operators (engineers, conductors) • Mass transit (bus drivers, light rail engineers) • Nuclear power plant operators. 5 U.S Dept of Transportation (DOT) Testing Alcohol • Pre-duty and on-duty, prohibited. Prohibited Classes of Drugs • • • • • Marijuana Cocaine Amphetamines PCP Opiates 6 U.S Dept of Transportation (DOT) Testing Prohibited Classes of Drugs • Marijuana metabolite – Delta-9-tetrahydocannabinol-9-carboxylic acid (THC) – 15 ng/mL • Cocaine metabolite – Benzoylecgonine – 150 ng/mL • Amphetamines – Methamphetamine – 500 ng/mL 7 U.S Dept of Transportation (DOT) Testing Prohibited Classes of Drugs • PCP (Phencyclidine) – 25 ng/mL • Opiate metabolites – Codeine, Morphine • 2000 ng/mL – 6acetylmorphine • 10 ng/mL 8 General Chemistry in the Workplace Point of Collection • Sample volume – 45 mls • Specimen production time – 4 minutes • Specimen temperature – 90 – 100 degrees F • Color / Odor 9 General Chemistry in the Workplace Laboratory Testing • Validity Testing • Initial Screening (Immunoassay). – Negatives >>> negative (>95%). – Non-negative >>> confirmation process. • Confirmation process. – Gas Chromatography – Mass Spectroscopy 10 General Chemistry in the Workplace Validity Testing • pH – Normal 4.0 – 9.0. • Specific Gravity (density relative to water) – Normal 1.003 – 1.030. • Creatinine – >20 mg/dl. 11 General Chemistry in the Workplace Oxidizing & Adulterant Agents • PCC (pyridinium chlorochromate) – UrineLuck (hexa-valent) – Chromax (chromium picolinate – tri-valent) OK. • Glutaraldehyde – UrineAid, Clear Choice 12 General Chemistry in the Workplace Oxidizing & Adulterant Agents • Nitrites (NO2-) – Klear, Whizzies – Poppers, Huffers (alkyl nitrites, butyl nitrite) • Peroxide – Stealth – Peroxidase and H2O2. 13 General Chemistry in the Workplace Initial Screening - Immunoassay • Immunoassay – A biochemical test that measures the presence or concentration of a substance in complex mixture of substances. 14 General Chemistry in the Workplace Immunoassay – Initial Screening • Antibody – Proteins in your body’s immune system that are used to identify and neutralize foreign objects. • Antigen – A molecule that binds to an antibody. • Basic Idea – Use the body’s immune system to find & identify analytes. 15 • Two Volunteers, please. General Chemistry in the Workplace Immunoassay – Initial Screening. Use the body’s immune system to find & identify analytes. 16 General Chemistry in the Workplace Confirmation Testing (GC/MS) • Gas Chromatography – Used to separate different compounds. – Oven. • Mass Spectroscopy 17 U.S Dept of Transportation (DOT) Testing Urine vs. Hair vs. Oral Fluid ? Steroids ? 18 Overview Background U.S. Department of Transportation Testing General Chemistry in the Workplace Drug Czar Q+A (I’ve never been stumped) 19 Q+A (I’ve never been stumped) 20