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Introduction to Pharmacology Overview Pharmaceutics Pharmacokinetics Pharmacodynamics Pharmaceutics Different dosage forms have different pharmaceutical properties. – Drug absorption of various preparations • • • • Liquids Powders Tablets Enteric-coated tablets Fastest Slowest Pharmacokinetics Absorption – Bioavailability – First Pass Effect Distribution Metabolism Excretion Pharmacodynamics Onset, Peak, & Duration – Onset - time it takes for a therapeutic response. – Peak – maximum therapeutic response – Duration – length of time that drug [ ] is sufficient Agonists & Antagonists More Pharmacology Therapeutic Window Peak & Trough Levels Loading Dose Pharmacodynamics Side Effects Adverse Reactions Toxic effects/Toxicity Nursing Implications Assessment Implementation (types of therapies) – – – – – – Acute Maintenance Supplemental Palliative Supportive Prophylactic Nursing Implications Monitoring – – – – – Therapeutic index Drug [ ] Patient’s condition Tolerance and Dependence Interactions Life Span Considerations Polypharmacy and Drug Use Physiologic Changes – Slowed gastric emptying – Gastric pH is less acidic – GFR decreased by 40-50% Sample Question A client complains of pain and asks the nurse for pain medication. The nurse first assesses vital signs and finds them to be as follows: BP 134/92, pulse 90, and respirations 20. The nurse’s most appropriate action is to: A. Give the medication B. Ask if the client is anxious C. Check the client dressing for bleeding D. Recheck the clients vital signs in 30 minutes Sample Question A client is nauseated, has been vomiting for several hours, and needs to receive an antinausea medication. The nurse recognizes that which of the following is accurate? A. An enteric-coated medication should be given. B. Medication will not be absorbed as easily because of the nausea. C. A parental route is the route of choice. D. A rectal suppository must be administered