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Pharmacology Notes
Chapter –1
Pharmacology- study of history, sources, and physical chemical property of drugs.
Also includes how drugs affect living systems.
Pharmacogenetics – study of how each individual will respond to specific drugs
Pharmacodynamics - is the study of biochemical and physiological effects of drugs.
Pharmacokinetics – is the Absorption, distribution, bio transf (metabolism) and
excretion of drugs (liberation)
Pharmacotherapeutics - how drugs might be used in the treatment of illnesses (prevent
& treat)
Pharmacognosy – study of herbal drugs, or other natural sources, such as insulin
Toxicology – Study of poison and poisonings
History of Pharmacology
- Ancient Egypt, more than 3000 years ago, listed more than 700 different remedies
that were used to treat ailments.
- In the first century, Dioscorides prepared “De Materica medica” which prescribed
600 different plants and classified them by substance, rather then the disease that
they were used for.
Sources of drugs
- Natural - digoxin, metamucil
- Semi synthetically – antimicrobial agents
- Synthetic – made on lab,
Drug Usage
- Symptomatic, such as taking acetaminophen for a headache, or aspirin
- Preventive, - vaccines
- Diagnostics – Dye and such
- Curative Drugs – antibiotics
- Health maintenance drugs – Insulin - help body works normally
- Contraceptive – prevent pregnancy
Dosage Forms
Tablets – is the most common dosage form, many are scored to facilitate division
Time released, sustained – controlled drug release
Capsule – drug enclosed on a hard or soft shell, could be gelatin also
Troches – Lozenges, dissolves slowly with an anesthetic, or antiseptic on the oral
cavity/throat.
Suppsitories – solid medicine, will melt at body’s temperature, to be inserted on a
external body orifices.
Solutions – clear liquids with one or more solvents, such as syrup, tinctures or elixir.
Suspensions – are liquid dosages that contain solid drugs. Shake well!
Emultions – are dispersion of water in oil, or oil in water.
Topical – Patches, Lotions, Creams.
Ampules – sterile, single dose, don’t contaminate it!
Drug names
Drugs come to the market with a trade name, when that expires, low cost generics are
usually available, keep in mind that they could be 20% off more or less ingredients than
the brand trade name, but FDA allows them to say they are equal!
It is important to know drugs by more than one mane, trade and generic!
Controlled substances
Schedule I
Lsd, heroin
Schedule II
Morph.
Cocaine
Oxycodone
Ritalin
Meperidine
Schedule III
Tylenol with
codeine
Hydrocodone
Schedule IV
Librium
Schedule V
Lomotil
Valium
Robitussin
A-C
Schedule VI
Marijuana
in some
states
Distribution
A number of drugs are capable of being bound to plasma proteins, particularly albumin.
While in this bound state, the drug is incapable of eliciting a pharmacological effect
The physical and chemical characteristics of a drug usually determine precisely how the
drug will be distributed. Those are highly soluble in fatty tissue, may accumulate rapidly
in fat. In some cases fat can become reservoir for certain drugs, slowly releasing the drug
into the blood Stream
Biotransformation (Metabolism)
Drug molecules that are bound to protein are pharmacologically inactive, whereas those
that are unbound (not stuck to the protein) are active!
Most biotransformation reactions occur in the Liver (remember, babies and elderly do not
have the same liver capacity as healthy adults!)
Drug elimination
Drug will be excreted in the kidney, while some can be through feces, breathing, breast
milk, saliva, or sweat
The pH of the urine might affect the rate of the excretion by changing the chemical form
of a drug to one that can be reabsorbed back into the circulatory system.
Weak acid drugs, barbiturates, penicillins, and other drugs that are available as sodium or
potassium salts, tend to be better excreted if the urine is less acid.
Measuring Drug Action
“Drug half life” how long does it take for a certain medicine to process and excrete half
what was taken.
Individual variations of pharmacological response
Consider:
-
Age
Sex
Body weight &
(BSA)
BMA (basal metabolic rate)
Disease states
Time of administration
Tolerance
Environmental factors (sun/weather exposure)
Idiosyncratic responses
Drug interactions
It is when a drug interacts to another drug (could also be herbal) and the pharmacological
response is greater that what would be expected, they are acting SYNERGISTICALY,
And if they are dimishing the action of another drug, it is said to act
ANTAGONISTICALLY
Pharmacology Notes
Chapter –2
The Nursing Process and Medication Administration
Assessment
- data are systematically collected and analyzed, using interviews, observations, lab
reports, and other sources, it is basically a overall examination with all that you
have available
Nursing Diagnosis
- It is the analysis of the collected data in which the nurse will legally prescribe
interventions based on the practice act.
Planning
- It is the process in which the nurse will set priorities and determine nursing
interventions, set goals and objectives, and also plan on educating the patient on
self administration of drugs.
Implementation
- Is the actual administration of the medication, or the initiation of a medication
schedule, or client education program. Some times the nurse does not perform the
task, but will supervise whoever is implementing the plan.
Evaluation
- It is the comparison of actual client outcomes with expected outcomes. It includes
assessing the effectiveness of the medication in alleviating signs and symptoms of
illnesses, determining adverse effects that result from the use of the drug, and
determining the client’s ability to self administer the medication.
Measure equivalents
1kg – 1.000g grams
1g – 1.000mg milligrams
1mg – 1.000mcg microgram
1mcg – 1000ng nanograms
1 liter (L) equal to 1000mL
METRIC TO APOTHECARY
30 mL –
250 mL –
500 mL –
1000 mL -
1 fluid ounce
8+ Floz
1+ pint
1+ quarts
household measures
1 teaspoon (tsp) 5mL
1 tablespoon (tbsp) 15 ML
*REMEMBER – 1 oz = 30 mL, then 2 tbsp or = 6 tsp*
Other Equivalents
1kg = 2.2lbs
4g = 60 grain
1g = 15 grain
0.3g = 5grain
60mg = 1grain
30mg = 1/2grain
Remember the rights of medication administration
You must check:
The right drug to be administrated at
The right dose for
The right patient at
The right time by
The right route using
The right documentation although the client has
The right to refuse
Diagnosis and Planning
-
State relevant nursing diagnoses.
Identify desired outcomes of nursing intervention
Focus on:
Why is the drug needed
How will the drug be administered
Common indications of adverse effects
Other nursing measures that will enhance the likelihood of achieving desired
outcomes.