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The position of secondary cities in a dynamic society Brussels – 6th October 2009 Prof. dr Leo van den Berg 1 The Information Era - ICT and trade liberation New location factors: attractiveness and accessibility Cities are focal points in the knowledge economy Cities are the powerhouses for modern economies Cities are operating in networks Competition between cities and regions; growing social exclusion - Policy: effective/efficient on all levels 2 Top 10 cities in terms of GDP per capita in Europe City Country Global Rank Geneva Switzerland 1 Edinburgh UK 4 London UK 6 Oslo Norway 7 Belfast UK 8 Basel Switzerland 9 Zurich Switzerland 10 Helsinki Finland 11 Paris France 12 Stockholm Sweden 16 Source: N. Pengfei ‘Global Urban Competitiveness report’ GUCP, Beying, 2008 3 The Knowledge Economy: foundations and activities A. Attracting knowledge workers B. Creating knowledge C. Applying knowledge Activities of a Knowledge city D. Make new combinations Foundations of a Knowledge city Organising capacity 1. Knowledge base 4. Accessibility E. Develop Growth clusters 2. Economic base 5. Urban diversity 3. Quality of life 6. Urban scale 7. Social equity 4 - Capital cities easily attract knowledge workers - Smaller (secondary or provincial) cities lack many of the advantages of the capitals but may offer other assets to attract talent - Cities with a traditonal economic base (Rotterdam, Manchester, Dortmund) have specific problems to attract talent, but also specific strengths 5 Typology of Cities Metropolitan Strong Stars : Amsterdam Helsinki Munich Scale Non-metropolitan Star Nicheplayers : Eindhoven Progress Weak Metropoles in transition : Rotterdam Manchester Dortmund Intellectuals : Munster Nicheplayers in Transition : Enschede Aachen 6 Trends in National Urban Policies in Europe (1) - Explicit attention to cities still limited, but on the wax - Nature of national urban policy dependant on stage of development (basic requirements vs. more sophisticated approaches) - Advance comprehensive approach found in France, United Kingdom and the Netherlands 7 Trends in National Urban Policies in Europe (2) - Decentralization of competencies in most States - More emphasis on urban competitiveness, accessibility, social exclusion and sustainability - Regional governance in discussion in several states - A shift from equity to efficiency policies in favour of major cities in several countries - In Nordic countries: less focus on major cities 8 Dutch Experience (1) - Dutch urban policy (GSB); an initiative of Amsterdam, Rotterdam, the Hague and Utrecht - GSB (1) : the pioneering phase (1994-1998) - GSB (2) : the development phase (1998-2004) more cities involved; higher budgets, special legislation for 4 largest cities; special GSB minister - GSB (3) : the final phase ( 2004-2009) policy freedom cities to solve problems and use opportunities, lower budgets, more policy focus; no GSB minister - Other policies: spatial, transport, social, economic, EU 9 Dutch Experience (2) - Peaks in the delta (2006-2010) - Creating a competitive and dynamic economy; a regional economic approach through strategic cooperation between national government, regional government, private sector and knowledge institutions - Randstad North Wing: international services - Randstad South Wing; Port and Industry, Horticulture, Life sciences and the Hague International 10 Dutch Experience (3) - Northern region : - Stimulating knowledge economy Eastern region : Food and nutrition, Health and Technology Southeast region : Top technology region Southwest region: Strategic region between two world seaports Programs and subsidies focus on regional economic strength and opportunities 11 - Towards a new stage of urban development : balanced, harmonious and sustainable development Quality of life and social values Sustainable development and climate change Safety and security, new location factors The private sector and the city: converging interests The balanced city: attractive, sustainable and accessible New perspectives for secondary cities? 12
