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Greece Vocabulary • Tyrant-a person who takes power by force & rules with total authority. A “harsh oppressive ruler” • Colony-Settlement in a new territory that keeps close ties to its homeland • Socrates- Invented Socratic method. He asked questions to force students to use their reasoning. • Plato - Socrates’ student. He did not feel democracy is how you should run government. He thought philosophers should run gov’t. • Aristotle- He was a student of Plato’s. Plato taught him the “golden mean”. The golden mean Vocab cont. . . • Parthenon-temple built to celebrate their goddess Athena in Athens • City-State - Town/city & surrounding countryside, independent area • Polis-Greek word meaning city-state • Democracy - a government where all citizens share in running the government (Athens) • Oligarchy- a government where few people hold power (Sparta) Copy page 155 into your comp book • gods and goddesses • Mythology-Greeks believed that Greek Culture Gods/Goddesses controlled nature and they lived on Mt. Olympus (highest mountain in Greece). The main god was Zeus-ruled the sky • Poetry & Fables Homer-(700 BC) wrote (long poems) epics -ILLiad - about the Trojan Horse Odyssey Aesop (slave) wrote fables (have a moral point) -Tortoise & Hare “slow and steady wins the race” -Wolf in sheep’s clothing “appearances are often deceiving” • Drama Culture cont. . . comedy-ends happily Tragedy-ends unhappily • Arts/Architecture made murals and columns (3 types-leave space) no picture-leave space Philosophers - love of wisdom; studied history, political science • • • • • science, the & math 1.) Pythagoras- he believed universe followed the same laws that govern music & numbers. 2.) Sophists- a group of people who believe there is no right or wrong. We should use knowledge to improve ourselves. 3.) Socrates-invented socratic method (teacher asks a question to force the student to use their reasoning-still used today) 4.) Plato-A student of Socrates. He did not feel democracy is how you should run government, philosophers should run gov’t 5.) Aristotle- A student of Plato. “GOLDEN MEAN” = do 1st Civilizations in Greece Greece was divided into independent polis’ because of mountains and seas Minoans Mycenaeans 2000 B.C. -1900 B.C. worshipped earth - They built a city on a hill mother, used sun -At the top was a palace, and on the and stars to navigateside of the hill were estates. - The nobles owned farms. The sea nobles had slave farmers. -The government kept track of everyone’s wealth and made them pay taxes with honey and livestock . In 700 B.C.E. there was a boom in population, so many people moved out to form colonies, and became specialists. Sparta Oligarchy - few people rule (2 kings and 28 citizens) Athens *Boys at age 7 had to go into training. They were treated badly to make them tough. *Age 20-60 they joined the Military - Started as oligarchy You Win or you Die -Direct Democracy“I would rather be carried back people gathered in mass on my shield than lose the fight” meetings to handle *Sparta focused on government matters. their army, NOT - 6000 people attended every on trade. days. - At age10 18, boys finished school & became citizens - 500 members of the council were chosen by lottery. GRANDFATHER FATHER SON Persian Empire Cyrus the Great Darius Xerxes (Persian kings) - When they conquered, they were very nice. - Believed ONE God (Monotheism) would triumph Persian Wars 2/2 Greek polis‘ clashed with Persians. King Cyrus the Great decided the Greeks needed to be stopped from interfering with Persian Empire Cyrus Died and Darius Became King Marathon 490 B.C. st 1 battle Athens outnumbered 1/2. Persians waited on beach for Athens (who hid in hills). Persians loaded ships. (strongest man on first) Athens attacked. Athens sent messenger 26 miles last words “Victory” and died. ********DARIUS DIES**his son****XERXES IS KING****** Thermopylae 486 B.C. nd 2 battle (movie 300) 2.) Xerxes wanted revenge on Greeks. Greeks combined forces. Leonidas-Sparta King in charge of land. Fought Persians at Thermopylae “That is good news. We will fight in the shade!” Traitor told Persians about back path. Leonidas sent soldiers to safe place and a few men stayed back to fight. Persian won rd Salamis-3 battle 3.) Themistocles-Athenian general in charge of sea. Wanted to cut off food supply to Persian Army. Fought at the Salamis straight. Greek ships were smaller and could turn around quicker and rammed Persian ships. Greeks won the battle on the water *****Persian Army march to Athens (everyone gone) Persians burned the city to the ground Greeks united together (BIGGEST Greek Army EVER!) Defeated Persians PLATAEA 479 B.C. Persian Empire weakened. *After Xerxes dies other Kings raise taxes and spend money on themselves. *common people rebelled *Brothers plotted against each other. 330 B.C. Alexander The Great Invaded Persian Empire and won Athens fought Spartans for power (had different forms of gov’t and didn’t trust each other) Athens knew Sparta could beat them on land and Athens would win on water but Sparta didn’t have a navy. Athens hid inside city walls. Better fighting than open field. After one year sickness hit the city. Many people died 1/3 Fought another 25 years. Sparta made deal with Persians and Persians crushed Athenian Army Peloponnesian War 431 B.C. Outcome of Peloponnesian War Greeks could never unite after this Spartans put in 30 men (thirty Tyrants) Oligarchy. After a year people rebelled Socrates gives hope “how do things work” “does a good shepherd get rid of his sheepsstood up to the Oligarchies he was a gadfly (questions/criticizes). Had young people Phillip II - 400 B.C. King of Macedonia, was from Greece but lived in Macedonia. He admired Greeks but he still conquered each city-state either by force or persuasion. Once he conquered all of Greece he went to attack Persia. Phillip II was murdered but his son - Alexander took over (he was 20 years old and he died at 32) Alexander The Great - Conquered Persian empire and spread Greek culture throughout southwest Asia - He was a brave reckless warrior. He rode into battle ahead of his men. *He built the great trade city Alexandria. *He conquered Persia in 334 B.C.