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Gender and Development in Africa Some Reflections C. Mark Blackden Office of the Sector Director Poverty Reduction and Economic Management Africa Region 1 Global Issues Seminar Series November 1, 2006 E-mail: [email protected] Gender & Development? 2 Gender & Development 3 Issue Areas Economics: Gender Poverty: Gender and Growth not just a “social” issue Different for ♂ and ♀ Understanding AIDS: Risk, gender dimensions “Gender Dynamics” vulnerability, & impact Link with legal status and rights 3 Uganda: Gender Intensity of Production Sector Uganda: Structure of the Economy, 1997 Gender Intensity Contribution to GDP Share of of Production by Sector GDP Women Men Women Men Agriculture o/w: Food Crops Traditional Exports NTAEs Industry o/w: Manufacturing Services TOTAL: Contribution to GDP: (%) (%) (%) (%) (%) 49.0 33.0 3.5 1.0 14.4 6.8 36.6 100.0 75.0 80.0 60.0 80.0 15.0 n.a. 32.0 25.0 20.0 40.0 20.0 85.0 n.a. 68.0 72.6 24.8 4.3 24.8 23.1 50.4 50.6 49.4 100.0 100.0 Notes: Gender Intensity of Production - female and male shares of employment. 4 Source: Based on Elson and Evers 1997. Supplemental estimates by World Bank. Data sources: WDI 2001; ACGD 2002. Economic Inclusion ? 5 enterprises face different obstacles, esp. in access to finance (linked to land rights) “How can property own property?” (Ugandan community leader in Human Rights Watch Report, 2003) Businesses Responding that Government Officials have "interfered" in their Business (in %) Women-Headed Enterprises All Enterprises 60 43 Percent 40 25 20 0 Women-Headed Enterprises All Enterprises Type of Enterprise (By Ownership) Source for Chart: Kirkpatrick and Lawson (2004) in Amanda Ellis et al. “Gender and Economic Growth in Uganda: Unleashing the Power of Women,” World Bank, Directions in Development, 2006. The “Double Workday” of Women Benin: Weekly Work Hours by Task and Sex Principal Activity 17.3 Men 1.3 0.1 Livestock/Anim. husb. Women 3.6 4.6 Maintenance/Rep. Activity 24.8 Ag. Prod. Transform. 0.6 2.5 Fetching Wood 0.5 2.9 17.7 21.5 Other Tasks Fetching Water 0.9 Preparing Meals 0.6 7.0 11.3 50.0 TOTAL 0 10 20 30 40 Hours 6 Source: Benin --Time Allocation Study, UNDP, 1998 50 67.2 60 70 80 Different Transport Burdens (Hours/Year by Sex) Fuel: Hours/Year 900 800 700 Women Hours Men Hours Other Hours Hours/Year 600 500 400 300 200 Women = 100 Ghana 7 Men = 100 10.4 0 Tanzania 5.8 Zambia 2.1 Ghana Source: Christina Malmberg-Calvo. 1994, Women in Rural Transport … SSATP Working Paper No. 11. World Bank and ECA. Tanzania Country Zambia Type of Household All Widowed Divorced Married Cohabiting Unmarried All FHH Widowed Divorced Married Cohabiting MHH 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 Unmarried Percent of Consumption Uganda: Household Spending Patterns Alcohol & Tobacco Health & Education 8 Source: UNHS 1999, in Lawson 2003. Empowerment: Parliament 100% 90% Men 80% Women 70% Percent 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% Country 9 Source: International Parliamentary Union, 09/30/06. www.ipu.org. EGYPT NIGERIA KENYA DRC CAMEROON MALI GHANA LESOTHO NIGER MALAWI ZIMBABWE SENEGAL ETHIOPIA UGANDA TANZANIA SOUTH AFRICA MOZAMBIQUE RWANDA 0% Gender & AIDS Sexual and Gender-Based Violence Δ in gender roles w/o Δ in power Early marriage and sex Sexual exploitation related to women’s poverty and powerlessness “When alcohol enters one’s blood system, the first thing it awakens is the sexual urge. Thereafter nothing matters – not even AIDS can stand in the way of a man who wants to have sex”. Chairman of Kajaho Village, aged 54 years 10 Source: A Social and Gender Assessment of HIV/AIDS Among Refugee, IDP, and Host Populations in the Great Lakes Region of Africa, Great Lakes Initiative on AIDS, September 2006. 60 Trends in HIV Prevalence HIV/AIDS Prevalence Men 1999 Rates, 1999-2001, by Age Women 1999 Rates by Age (15-24) and(15-24) Gender, Selected SSA Countries Men 2001 and Gender, Selected Women 2001 SSA Countries HIV Prevalence Rate (in Percent) 50 40 30 20 10 11 LESOTHO SWAZILAND BOTSWANA ZIMBABWE NAMIBIA SOUTH AFRICA Sources: For 2001: UNAIDS, Report on the Global HIV/AIDS Epidemic, 2002. For 1999: UNAIDS Country Country Source: June 2000. DataUNAIDS, Files, June 2000. www.unaids.org Source: UNAIDS, June 2000. ZAMBIA MOZAMBIQUE KENYA MALAWI RWANDA ETHIOPIA TANZANIA D.R. CONGO NIGERIA UGANDA 0 Risk and Vulnerability ♂ Multiple sex partners Social norms 12 sexual domination knowledge power/violence Economic power ♀ command over resources High-risk behavior of regular partner Social norms virginity/passivity culture of silence value of motherhood Economic insecurity exchange sex for money/favors = increased risk & vulnerability for BOTH men and women Spousal Violence Women Who Have Ever Experienced Spousal Violence Percent 40 35 31 21 18 14 10 5 South Africa Haiti Poorest Quintile Peru Zambia Richest Quintile Source: D.R. Gwatkin, S. Rutstein, K. Johnson, E.A. Suliman, and A. Wagstaff, Initial Country-Level Information about Socioeconomic Differences in Health, Nutrition, and Population, Volumes I and II (Washington, DC: The World Bank, November 2003). © 2004 Population Reference Bureau 13 Source: Population Reference Bureau, 2003. Trends inWife HIV Prevalence Attitudes to Beating Rates 1999-2001, by Age 100 (15-24) and Gender, 85.4 84.5 Selected SSA Countries 76.5 80 60.4 60 88.8 63.3 51 40 28.8 32.3 35.7 40.2 20 Source: UNAIDS, June 2000. Source: Country DHS Surveys, Various Years, www.dhs.org. 14 Source: UNAIDS, June 2000. 2001 Mali 2001 Zambia 2000 Ethiopia 2000/01 Uganda 2000 Rwanda 2001 Benin 1999 Zimbabwe 2000 Haiti 2000 Malawi 2000 Armenia 2001 Nepal 0 Early marriage …. Axiom(?): “Abstinence until marriage, fidelity in marriage” End of problem? Married adolescent girls higher HIV rates than sexually active unmarried girls 15 > coital frequency, < condom use = “virtually eliminates ability to abstain” = greater exposure to unprotected sex Husbands 3x more likely to be HIV+ than boyfriends of single girls Marriage as presumed “safe haven” from HIV. Does this encourage early marriage? Source: Based on Shelly Clark, “Early Marriage and HIV Risks in SSA,” Studies in Family Planning, Vol. 35, No. 3, September 2004. An Engendered Agenda Act on different development priorities (Invest in the “household economy”) Employment & economic opportunity (“Gender Equality as Smart Economics”) Empowerment MDG3 (Promote women’s “agency”) 16 Water and fuel investments significantly reduce collection time Annual time savings (hours per household) Investments in water and fuel infrastructure significantly reduce time on collection activities Potential average annual time savings 600 400 Uganda > 900 hrs/yr = > 660 hrs/yr + > 240 hrs/yr Potable water within 400m Woodlots within 30 mins walk 200 0 Lusaka Rural Kaya Mbale (Zambia) (Burkina Faso) (Uganda) 17 Kasama* Dedougou* (Zambia) (Burkina Faso) * Kasama & Dedougou already within the target for water. Source: Barwell 1996, in Engendering Development, PRR, 2001. Thank You! 18 www.worldbank.org