Download Organic Chemistry

Organic Chemistry
The study of carbon-containing
compounds and their properties.
The vast majority of organic
compounds contain chains or rings
of carbon atoms.
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H
H
H
H
C
H
C
H
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sp2
sp2
sp2
H1s
sp2
sp2
C
C
sp2
H1s
2p
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2p
2p
2p
H1s
H1s
2p
H
C
H
C
sp
2p
2p
2p
sp
2p
sp
 Bonds
Hydrocarbons
. . . compounds composed of carbon and hydrogen.
Saturated: carbon-carbon bonds are all single alkanes [CnH2n+2]
H H
H C
C H
H H
Hydrocarbons
(continued)
Unsaturated: contains carbon-carbon
multiple bonds.
H H
H C
H
C
H
C
H
Types of Hydrocarbons
Types of Hydrocarbons
Rules for Naming Alkanes
1. For alkanes beyond butane, add -ane to the
Greek root for the number of carbons.
C-C-C-C-C-C = hexane
2. Alkyl substituents: drop the -ane and add
-yl.
-C2H5 is ethyl
Rules for Naming Alkanes
3. Positions of substituent groups are specified
by numbering the longest chain sequentially.
C

C-C-C-C-C-C
3-methylhexane
4. Location and name are followed by root
alkane name. Substituents in alphabetical
order and use di-, tri-, etc.
Alkanes
Hydrocarbons
Cyclic Alkanes
Carbon atoms can form rings containing
only carbon-carbon single bonds.
C3H6, C4H8, C6H12
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C
No "head-on"
overlap of
atomic orbitals
109.5
60
C
(a)
(b)
C
Alkenes and Alkynes
Alkenes: hydrocarbons that contain a carboncarbon double bond. [CnH2n]
CC=C
propene
Alkynes: hydrocarbons containing a carboncarbon triple bond.
CCCCC
2-pentyne
Nomenclature for Alkenes
1. Root hydrocarbon name ends in -ene
C2H4 is ethene
2. With more than 3 carbons, double bond is
indicated by the lowest numbered carbon
atom in the bond.
C=CCC is 1-butene
Aromatic Compounds
Refinery Processes
Cracking: large molecules broken down to smaller
ones by breaking carbon-carbon bonds.
Pyrolysis (thermal cracking): The process that
produces cracking at high temperatures.
Catalytic Cracking: Cracking at lower
temperatures.
Catalytic reforming: Alkanes and cycloalkanes
converted to aromatic compounds.
Reactions and Functional Groups
A special class of cyclic unsaturated hydrocarbons.
Cl
FeCl3

+ Cl2 
benzene
+ HCl
Chlorobenzene
The Common Functional
Groups
Class
General Formula
Halohydrocarbons
RX
Alcohols
ROH
Ethers
ROR
O
R C H
Aldehydes
The Common Functional
Groups
Class
Ketones
Carboxylic Acids
Esters
Amines
General Formula
O
R C R'
O
R C OH
O
R C O R'
RNH2
Functional Groups
Functional Groups
Naming
Naming
Naming
Naming
Naming
Naming
Polymers
. . . are large, usually chainlike molecules that
are built from small molecules called
monomers.
Monomer
Ethylene
Vinyl chloride
Tetrafluoroethylene
Polymer
Polyethylene
Polyvinyl chloride
Teflon
Types of Polymerization
Addition Polymerization: monomers “add
together” to form the polymer, with no other
products. (Teflon)
Condensation Polymerization: A small
molecule, such as water, is formed for each
extension of the polymer chain. (Nylon)
Enantiomers
END