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Ethers
Ethers, compounds with two organic groups bonded to the same O atom,
are named by identifying the two organic groups and adding the word ether.
Compounds that contain the oxygen atom in a ring are
classified as cyclic ethers and are often given common
names.
Alkoxy groups
•An –OR group is referred to as an alkoxy group;
-OCH3 is a methoxy group, -OCH2CH3 is an ethoxy group, and so on.
•These names are used when the ether functional group is present in a
compound that also has other functional groups.
Other functionalities that are NOT
Ethers
Thiols
Thiols, or mercaptans, are sulfur analogs of alcohols.
Skunk scent is caused by the two thiols shown below center and right.
The systematic name of a thiol is formed by adding -thiol to the parent name.
Thiols
•Thiols (R-SH) react with mild oxidizing agents to yield a disulfide (R-SS-R).
The reverse reaction (R-S-S-R  2R-SH) occurs when a disulfide is
treated with a reducing agent.
•Hair protein is rich in S-S and –SH groups. When hair is “permed,”
some disulfide bonds are broken and new ones are formed, giving hair a
different shape.
Halogen containing compounds
Any organic compound that contains a halogen atom can be considered a
halide.
Alkyl halides are organic compounds of the type R-X, containing an alkyl
group R covalently bonded to a halogen X.
Chlorofluorocarbons (CFC) are compounds containing chlorine, fluorine and
carbon only, i.e they contain no hydrogen.
Halogenated organic compounds have a variety of medical and
industrial uses:
-Anesthetics
-Solvents, propellants, degreasing agents
-Fire extinguishers
-Herbicides, fungicides, insecticides
Despite the enormous benefits of halogenated organic compounds,
their use has been restricted, and sometimes banned altogether
because:
-They persist in the environment and are not
broken down rapidly.
-They accumulate in some animals to harmful
levels.
-They can damage the ozone layer.
Adapted from Pearson Prentice Hall Inc. 2007
Chlorofluorocarbons (CFC’s)
CFC’s-Prohibited/Restricted use because of their role in Ozone Depletion
Hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs) are of a class of haloalkanes where
notall hydrogen has been replaced by chlorine or fluorine. They are used
primarily as chlorofluorocarbon (CFC) substitutes, as the ozone depleting
effects are only about 10% of the CFCs.
Hydrofluoro compounds (HFCs) : They contain no chlorine. Lower global
warming potential than the HCFC’s because of no known effects on the
Ozone layer.
They do have activity on other realms of greenhouse gases, which also
contribute to global warming.
Thyroxine
Tyrosine (amino acid)
(T4)
Triiodothyronine (T3)
Production of Thyroid Hormones
•T3 has three iodine atoms and T4 (Thyroxine) contains 4 iodine atoms
•Via a thyroperoxidase enzyme, Iodine molecules are covalently bound
To Tyrosine residues
•These Tyrosine residues are known as DiIodoThyronine and
MonoIodoThyronine
•Linking of these DIT and MIT residues forms T3 (Triiodothyronine)
And T4 Thyroxine