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Hall Effect E and B Charged particles can be subject to both electric and magnetic fields. FM qvB FE qE FE FM qE qvB v E B Deflected Current A wire with current has moving l I q q t FM B charges. • Current due to electric field • Subject to a force from magnetism. The force can be related to the current. FM qvBsin FM q vt B sin t FM IlB sin • Charge times velocity • Current time length Charge Pileup A Moving current in the magnetic l q I nqAv t FE q FM q q v I nqA field will move carriers. • Only carriers of current move • Motion same for either sign charge. The charges set up an electric B field. • Opposes magnetic force FE qE FM qvB E vB IB nqA This is called the Hall effect. Cross Potential A V Ew l E I w q q An electric field is created in the conductor. • Perpendicular to current and magnetic field q The electric field creates a B potential V. • Based on width w • Area is width times thickness x V Ew IB nqx Carrier Sign A V Ew l E I w q q q B The Hall voltage depends on the magnetic field, current and the charge carrier properties. • Number density n • Charge q The sign of the potential matches the sign of the charge carriers. IB V Ew nqx • Negative for electrons Some conductors have positive carriers. Hall Probe The Hall effect can be used to measure magnetic fields. • Apply known current to known material • Measure Hall voltage nqx B V I Integrity Design, Inc. Blood Flow Similar to the Hall effect, the velocity of blood can be measured by its ions. next