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EU Workshop – RCS on H2 and FC Technologies for Vehicles
Fuel Cell TEsting & STandardisation
NETwork
FCTESTNET
Georgios Tsotridis - Andreas Podias
EC-DG JRC - Institute for Energy
Slide no. 1
EU Workshop – RCS on H2 and FC Technologies for Vehicles
Contents:
Network Objectives & Structure
Project Summary of WP 1 Transport Applications
Traffic Lights analysis
Pre normative research needs
Slide no. 2
EU Workshop – RCS on H2 and FC Technologies for Vehicles
Project Summary / 1
NETWORK OBJECTIVES
Compile already existing and further
develop harmonised testing procedures
and testing methodologies applicable to:
• stationary power sources;
• portable fuel cells;
• transport applications
Focusing on:
• single fuel cells
• fuel cell stacks
• fuel cell systems
Slide no. 3
EU Workshop – RCS on H2 and FC Technologies for Vehicles
FCTESTNET STRUCTURE
DG-RTD
DG-TREN
(Advisory role)
WP 0
COORDINATION
WP 8
EXTERNAL
RELATIONS
STEERING COMMITEE
US, CANADA
JAPAN
STAND.BODIES
IEA
WP 1
APPLICATIONS
WP 2
APPLICATIONS
WP 3
APPLICATIONS
TRANSPORT
STATIONARY
PORTABLE
Applications
WP 4
BALANCE OF PLANTS
WP 5
PEMFC
WP 6
MCFC
Area
WP 7
SOFC
Technologies
Area
Slide no. 4
EU Workshop – RCS on H2 and FC Technologies for Vehicles
Project Summary / 2
WP 1 of FCTESTNET focuses :
on test procedures for the evaluation of fuel cell
systems for the following transport application
areas:
Road vehicles
Rail transport
Marine applications
Aviation
Slide no. 5
EU Workshop – RCS on H2 and FC Technologies for Vehicles
Project Summary / 3
The work performed in WP 1 has covered the following
activities (1/2):
Inventory of existing formal & ad-hoc test procedures;
Analysis of operational conditions and requirements for fuel
cell systems;
Identification of a list of tests that are relevant for
characterising fuel cell systems;
Slide no. 6
EU Workshop – RCS on H2 and FC Technologies for Vehicles
Project Summary / 4
The work performed in WP 1 has covered the following
activities (2/2):
Development of a number of test procedures where there is
a high need of harmonization
Identification of knowledge gaps and needs for future
work
Slide no. 7
EU Workshop – RCS on H2 and FC Technologies for Vehicles
Project Summary / 5
More specifically, WP 1 has developed:
a list of all tests relevant for road vehicle applications;
a set of 9 Test Modules see next slides
These tests might serve as input to standardisation
bodies;
Slide no. 8
EU Workshop – RCS on H2 and FC Technologies for Vehicles
“Traffic light” analysis / 1
FCTESTNET - Work Package 1: Transport applications
Major Items
Note
Environmental Test Programme
Harmonisation
areas
Functional Test Programme
automotive,
marine, aviation
Durability Test Programme
automotive,
marine, aviation
Safety Test Programme
automotive,
marine, rail,
aviation
Slide no. 9
EU Workshop – RCS on H2 and FC Technologies for Vehicles
“Traffic light” analysis / 1
FCTESTNET - Work Package 1: Transport applications
Major Items
Environmental Test Programme
Traffic light Note
Harmonisation
areas
NOx emissions
marine, aviation
Variation of ambient conditions: cold start
automotive,
marine, aviation
EMC tests
automotive,
marine, rail,
aviation
Slide no. 10
EU Workshop – RCS on H2 and FC Technologies for Vehicles
“Traffic light” analysis / 2
FCTESTNET - Work Package 1: Transport applications
Major Items
Functional Test Programme
Fuel consumption: fuel cell system on
homologation cycle (H2 fuel)
APU Voltage Regulation
Power quality: Transient response
Traffic light Note
Harmonisation
areas
automotive
automotive,
marine, rail,
aviation
automotive,
marine, rail,
aviation
Slide no. 11
EU Workshop – RCS on H2 and FC Technologies for Vehicles
“Traffic light” analysis / 3
FCTESTNET - Work Package 1: Transport applications
Major Items
Durability Test Programme
Dielectric strength
Traffic light Note
Harmonisation
areas
marine, rail,
aviation
Slide no. 12
EU Workshop – RCS on H2 and FC Technologies for Vehicles
“Traffic light” analysis / 4
FCTESTNET - Work Package 1: Transport applications
Major Items
Safety Test Programme
Crash safety
Overload and short circuit
Traffic light Note
Harmonisation
areas
automotive, rail,
aviation
automotive,
marine, rail,
aviation
Slide no. 13
EU Workshop – RCS on H2 and FC Technologies for Vehicles
NOx emissions of fuel cell system
NOx emissions are currently regulated in marine applications in various
parts of the world. Due to these requirements, a fuel cell system is
required also to conform to the existing limits.
While in the automotive world hydrogen and low temperature fuel cells
are being considered, the economics of the marine industry is likely to
drive to the use of diesel fuels, also with fuel cell systems. This requires
onboard fuel reforming, which may lead to NOx emissions.
Slide no. 14
EU Workshop – RCS on H2 and FC Technologies for Vehicles
Ambient condition variation tests –
cold start test
Cold start might be a problem with fuel cells in automotive applications
and for startup of emergency generators in marine applications.
Unlike in stationary applications, significant warm-up times are not
acceptable to the customer. In addition, systems are not kept under
controlled conditions, which may lead to system freezing and subsequent
damage.
It is therefore important to test the cold start performance to allow
customer acceptance of fuel cell systems.
Slide no. 15
EU Workshop – RCS on H2 and FC Technologies for Vehicles
EMC Test
With high current systems involved in propulsion systems, the radiated
electromagnetic radiation could be significant.
In addition, the system needs to be immune to radiation from the
environment to ensure system and user safety.
EMC performance of fuel cell systems should be measured on a
prescribed driving cycle
Slide no. 16
EU Workshop – RCS on H2 and FC Technologies for Vehicles
Fuel consumption of fuel cell system on
homologation cycle (H2 fuel)
Driving range, on gaseous fuels is heavily dependent on the
real efficiency of the system.
All existing procedures for measuring fuel consumption
of road vehicles make use of the carbon-balance method
to determine the fuel consumption. This method is not
applicable to a fuel cell system running on hydrogen fuel.
Various solutions to these problems are being proposed
Slide no. 17
EU Workshop – RCS on H2 and FC Technologies for Vehicles
APU Voltage Regulation
The goal of an APU is to deliver the required electrical power while
maintaining a sufficient level of voltage regulation. Voltage regulation is
critical for the proper functioning of the attached electrical loads.
In this test module,
a time varying pulsed load is applied to the APU, simulating the
functioning of an automotive heating system. The test object
considered is a hybrid APU, i.e. fuel cell system and energy
storage together.
Slide no. 18
EU Workshop – RCS on H2 and FC Technologies for Vehicles
Power Quality – Transient Response
Transient response of the fuel cell power generator depends on the
power system architecture considering hybridisation by a buffer energy
storage element (battery, supercapacitors…) or not.
Hybridisation, depending on the system concept, could significantly
reduce the power level (kW) delivered by the fuel cell generator under the
working conditions and get a downsizing effect for the fuel cell generator.
This test module simulates the transient load following capability
of the fuel cell power generator, by:
applying a transient load profile request and measuring the
response of the actual delivered load.
Slide no. 19
EU Workshop – RCS on H2 and FC Technologies for Vehicles
Dielectric Strength (high voltage)
At some point during the lifetime of a power generator, the generator will
be subjected to high voltage peaks.
For approval, the power generator has to be able to withstand
temporary high voltages without destruction.
Slide no. 20
EU Workshop – RCS on H2 and FC Technologies for Vehicles
Crash Safety of a Fuel Cell System
In the event of an accident, safety is critical for transport applications. A
critical aspect of this is the safe containment of systems.
This test method imposes a shock impulse on the fuel cell system
(or alternatively a sustained equivalent load) to simulate the
loading on the system that occurs during an accident.
The system is deemed acceptable if the mountings retain the
system in place.
Slide no. 21
EU Workshop – RCS on H2 and FC Technologies for Vehicles
Overload and short circuit
In the event of an overload or short circuit condition, the fuel cell system
should be capable of supplying this overload without damage to the
system. This ensures system functionality in the event of a fault
elsewhere in the electrical system.
This test method presents tests for marine and aviation
applications.
Slide no. 22
EU Workshop – RCS on H2 and FC Technologies for Vehicles
Identified missing test modules / 1
Important tests to be harmonised:
Noise emissions
Power performance capability
Vibration testing
Durability (thermo cycling; power throughput; power degradation)
Ambient condition variation tests (temperature; humidity; pressure)
These test modules were found to be important for all application areas (rail,
marine, aviation, automotive), and could be harmonised among the various
application areas to a large extent.
Test methodologies could be largely the same for the different transport
applications, while static test conditions and dynamic variations of input
parameters (e.g. power cycles) could be made application specific.
Slide no. 23
EU Workshop – RCS on H2 and FC Technologies for Vehicles
General considerations on availability of tests and needs for
harmonisation - Potential pre-normative research needs / 1
Only a few standards exist which are specific for fuel cell vehicles, fuel cell
propulsion systems or fuel cell APUs
APU-applications of fuel cells may be very important. At present little
information is available on load profiles for various APU-applications;
Application-oriented test procedures to be applied at the level of fuel cell
systems are at present not available
Slide no. 24
EU Workshop – RCS on H2 and FC Technologies for Vehicles
General considerations on availability of tests and needs for
harmonisation - Potential pre-normative research needs / 2
Evaluation test procedures at the fuel cell system level could be developed
as a “best practice”, but do not necessarily have to be formally standardised.
Harmonisation at the European level, however, does seem useful, not only
from an industry perspective, but also e.g. to enable evaluation and
benchmarking of systems developed in various EU-funded projects;
Type approval test procedures are within the domain of codes and
standards.
For LD road vehicles these will have to be defined at the vehicle level
For HD road vehicles and most other transport applications
procedures need to be defined at the “engine” level, i.e. at the level of
fuel cell systems or fuel cell-driven power trains
Slide no. 25
EU Workshop – RCS on H2 and FC Technologies for Vehicles
General considerations on availability of tests and needs for
harmonisation - Potential pre-normative research needs / 3
The test cycles used for automotive type approval do not represent realworld driving. Different technologies may compare differently on the type
approval test cycle compared to real-world test cycles. For fuel cell
applications more insight is necessary on the impact of real-world use on
efficiency and emissions;
Type approval procedures for determining engine power can not be
translated directly to fuel cells.
Slide no. 26
EU Workshop – RCS on H2 and FC Technologies for Vehicles
Further pre-normative activities
An important next step is verification of the presented test modules
As usual with testing, many problems in testing procedures could only be
identified during the actual execution of the tests. During this process,
extra information could also become available which could help as to
further specify the requirements and processes involved, bringing the
modules to a “best practices” level.
the FCTESTNET test modules could assist the standardisatiuon
procedures Disseminating them at the standardisation bodies, could
facilitate this process.
Slide no. 27
EU Workshop – RCS on H2 and FC Technologies for Vehicles
Other suggested RCS items
In addition to all above mentioned items, other
suggested RCS items may be:
Modelling & validation of testing procedures (selection of
test benchmarks to be compared against modelling)
e.g.Hydrogen (accident scenarios), Fuel cell (Performance,
of single cells, short stacks and systems)
Slide no. 28
EU Workshop – RCS on H2 and FC Technologies for Vehicles
JRC-Institute
for Energy
Thank you for
your attention!
[email protected]
www.jrc.nl/fctestnet
Slide no. 29